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<p>Crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains creates severe environmental issues and agrarian problems that lead to air pollution while harming the soil and generating greenhouse gases. The practice remains active despite policy attention and technological improvements since economic factors, structural obstacles, and human behavior continue to exist as barriers. This review evaluates the reasons, environmental effects, and sustainable methods of residue management through the analysis of in situ techniques, ex situ strategies, conservation agriculture, and biotechnological alternatives. New developments in biotechnology, together with microbial decomposition methods, have led to sustainable solutions. Through genetic modification, scientists have developed low-lignin wheat and transgenic rice varieties that demonstrate accelerated residue decomposition in field trials conducted in China and India. Currently, <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> function as microbial biostimulants, with decomposition indices accelerated by 30–40% in Indian, Brazilian, and American trials. The main obstacles to overcome are difficulties with expansion and user acceptance by farmers. This study demonstrates how agricultural waste management integrates economic opportunities through biofuel and biochar production combined with compost production and biogas generation via crop residues. The existing National Policy for Management of Crop Residues (NPMCR) and National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) policies currently face irregular implementation issues. This review highlights the need for collaborative research between different disciplines to progress biostimulant microbial scale-ups alongside the advancement of biotechnology techniques and artificial intelligence technologies in residue handling. Changing agricultural policies must align with financial promotion strategies through public‒private partnerships as a basis to achieve sustainable low-emission agriculture both in India and worldwide.</p>

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Mitigating air quality degradation through sustainable agricultural practices in the Indo-Gangetic plains: a comprehensive review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月20日

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  • Prashant Ravish,
  • Smita Chaudhry,
  • Urvashi Kashyap

摘要

Crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains creates severe environmental issues and agrarian problems that lead to air pollution while harming the soil and generating greenhouse gases. The practice remains active despite policy attention and technological improvements since economic factors, structural obstacles, and human behavior continue to exist as barriers. This review evaluates the reasons, environmental effects, and sustainable methods of residue management through the analysis of in situ techniques, ex situ strategies, conservation agriculture, and biotechnological alternatives. New developments in biotechnology, together with microbial decomposition methods, have led to sustainable solutions. Through genetic modification, scientists have developed low-lignin wheat and transgenic rice varieties that demonstrate accelerated residue decomposition in field trials conducted in China and India. Currently, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens function as microbial biostimulants, with decomposition indices accelerated by 30–40% in Indian, Brazilian, and American trials. The main obstacles to overcome are difficulties with expansion and user acceptance by farmers. This study demonstrates how agricultural waste management integrates economic opportunities through biofuel and biochar production combined with compost production and biogas generation via crop residues. The existing National Policy for Management of Crop Residues (NPMCR) and National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) policies currently face irregular implementation issues. This review highlights the need for collaborative research between different disciplines to progress biostimulant microbial scale-ups alongside the advancement of biotechnology techniques and artificial intelligence technologies in residue handling. Changing agricultural policies must align with financial promotion strategies through public‒private partnerships as a basis to achieve sustainable low-emission agriculture both in India and worldwide.