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<p>Antibiotic resistance poses a major global health threat, with biofilm formation being a critical factor. Biofilms are microbial communities where the cells are protected from adverse environmental conditions and provide a fitness advantage over the free-living planktonic cells via encapsulation in extra polymeric substance (EPS). EPS provides resistance to antimicrobials by providing a physical barrier, horizontal gene transfer, and altering microbial behavior, limiting the treatment regime for biofilms and suggesting a dire need for alternative therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we harnessed the efficacy of plasmonic gold nanostructures such as nanoparticles (AuNPs) and nanorods (AuNRs) to prevent bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Our study elucidates that high aspect ratio nanorods, AuNR(H), display better anti-bacterial activity as compared to low aspect ratio nanorods, AuNR(L), and AuNPs against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. We further investigated the efficacy of AuNR(H) in inhibiting bacterial growth by photothermal and photodynamic mechanisms. The prevention of the formation of resilient biofilms by AuNR(H) was characterized by crystal-violet staining and microscopy. Our findings demonstrate that the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities of plasmonic gold nanostructures depend on their morphologies and aspect ratio, as a higher aspect ratio may offer an increased surface area for bacterial attachment and contact killing. We believe that results will pave the way for the potential use of plasmonic nanostructures with current therapeutics to reduce the burden of biofilm-related infections.</p>

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Aspect ratio-dependent anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm potential of plasmonic gold nanostructures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月15日

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  • Harshita Agarwal,
  • Rishabh Kumar Srivastava,
  • Raviraj Vankayala,
  • Neha Jain

摘要

Antibiotic resistance poses a major global health threat, with biofilm formation being a critical factor. Biofilms are microbial communities where the cells are protected from adverse environmental conditions and provide a fitness advantage over the free-living planktonic cells via encapsulation in extra polymeric substance (EPS). EPS provides resistance to antimicrobials by providing a physical barrier, horizontal gene transfer, and altering microbial behavior, limiting the treatment regime for biofilms and suggesting a dire need for alternative therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we harnessed the efficacy of plasmonic gold nanostructures such as nanoparticles (AuNPs) and nanorods (AuNRs) to prevent bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Our study elucidates that high aspect ratio nanorods, AuNR(H), display better anti-bacterial activity as compared to low aspect ratio nanorods, AuNR(L), and AuNPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. We further investigated the efficacy of AuNR(H) in inhibiting bacterial growth by photothermal and photodynamic mechanisms. The prevention of the formation of resilient biofilms by AuNR(H) was characterized by crystal-violet staining and microscopy. Our findings demonstrate that the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities of plasmonic gold nanostructures depend on their morphologies and aspect ratio, as a higher aspect ratio may offer an increased surface area for bacterial attachment and contact killing. We believe that results will pave the way for the potential use of plasmonic nanostructures with current therapeutics to reduce the burden of biofilm-related infections.