Nutritional and health beneficial application of lactoferrin in some animal species: an updated review

Throughout history, from ancient times to the present day in our contemporary and industrialized period, ensuring the availability of safe and hygienic food has been a significant challenge for the human population. With the global population steadily increasing, there is a growing need for animal-based food items. Consequently, the livestock sectors face mounting pressure to enhance productivity and sustainability. Hence, the farmer, manufacturer, producers, and researchers are seeking nutritional supplements that might improve the production and performance of animals. Lactoferrin (Lf) a miracle molecule is a newly discovered multifunction protein found in milk and other exocrine secretions. LF has demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, anti-osteoporotic and allied pathophysiological conditions. These properties make lactoferrin a promising candidate for improving the health and productivity of livestock. LF is used as a dietary supplement in livestock and food animals to enhance growth, productivity, and overall health. Additionally, it improves the digestibility and absorption of nutrients in the intestine. Furthermore, LF also reduces the dependency on antibiotics and alleviates the environmental consequences caused by cattle husbandry. Although existing data indicates that lactoferrin may be a beneficial element in sustainable livestock production, further research is required to comprehensively comprehend its molecular processes, appropriate doses, and possible negative effects when used as a dietary supplement. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the applications and research surrounding lactoferrin as a dietary supplement in the livestock industry.