Nanomaterials in catalysis: insights from electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis

The ongoing shortage of non-renewable resources necessitates the exploration of alternative fuels. Additionally, the prevailing environmental pollution caused by organic pollutants, usage of fossil fuels, etc., emphasizes the urgency of environmental remediation. It is imperative that we transition towards sustainable energy sources to mitigate both resource depletion and environmental degradation. Nanocatalysis and nanomaterials are pivotal in catalysis, particularly in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis. These processes are essential for energy conversion and environmental remediation. This review provides a brief overview of nanocatalysis and its applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis, providing a broad spectrum of catalysts, such as metal oxides, alloys, core/shell/heterostructures and chalcogenides, along with their applications in energy conversion and environmental remediation. Its objective is to highlight various catalysts studied and integrate recent advancements in nanomaterial-based catalysis. Furthermore, the review aims to inspire future research endeavours and expedite the integration of nanomaterials into cutting-edge industrial processes reliant on catalysts.