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<p>This paper examines how institutional structures, and organizational factors shape artificial intelligence adoption in EU and US defence sectors through a comparative case study methodology. Integrating Fountain's technology enactment framework with Horowitz's adoption-capacity theory, the analysis reveals distinct governance patterns despite comparable technological capabilities. The EU demonstrates fragmented institutional absorption characterized by strategic choices that reinforce member state autonomy, while the US exhibits competitive institutional appropriation through a capability-first approach with concentrated investment. These divergent implementation pathways reflect deeply embedded institutional logics, rather than technological imperatives. Significant financial intensity disparities between these governance models create technological dependencies that emerging strategic initiatives like the European Defence White Paper - Readiness 2030 seek to address. This dependency relationship poses profound implications for European strategic autonomy in critical defence technologies like AI. However, organizational capital development,&#xa0;beyond mere funding,&#xa0;emerges as the critical determinant of effective AI implementation. These institutional divergences significantly impact defence cooperation prospects, suggesting that successful collaboration requires attention to both technical and institutional compatibility, while mitigating dependency risks. The research contributes to understanding how governance structures mediate technological adoption in security-sensitive domains with implications for strategic autonomy.</p>

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Governing artificial intelligence in the defence sector: a comparative analysis of EU and US institutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月6日

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  • Emanuele Parisini

摘要

This paper examines how institutional structures, and organizational factors shape artificial intelligence adoption in EU and US defence sectors through a comparative case study methodology. Integrating Fountain's technology enactment framework with Horowitz's adoption-capacity theory, the analysis reveals distinct governance patterns despite comparable technological capabilities. The EU demonstrates fragmented institutional absorption characterized by strategic choices that reinforce member state autonomy, while the US exhibits competitive institutional appropriation through a capability-first approach with concentrated investment. These divergent implementation pathways reflect deeply embedded institutional logics, rather than technological imperatives. Significant financial intensity disparities between these governance models create technological dependencies that emerging strategic initiatives like the European Defence White Paper - Readiness 2030 seek to address. This dependency relationship poses profound implications for European strategic autonomy in critical defence technologies like AI. However, organizational capital development, beyond mere funding, emerges as the critical determinant of effective AI implementation. These institutional divergences significantly impact defence cooperation prospects, suggesting that successful collaboration requires attention to both technical and institutional compatibility, while mitigating dependency risks. The research contributes to understanding how governance structures mediate technological adoption in security-sensitive domains with implications for strategic autonomy.