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<p>The cement industry is energy-intensive, highly-emissive, and fossil fuels-consuming. The natural direction of its development is the partial substitution of raw materials, e.g. with industrial waste. Such potential, alternative raw material is granulated copper slag (GCS), which has a high Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content, making it a potential iron-bearing raw material in the production of Portland clinker. Moreover, GCS contains CaO in a decarbonated form. Therefore, its use can contribute to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions reduction in the production of Portland clinker. However, GCS contains components that are not desirable in excessive amounts, such as heavy metals. As literature indicate, they may have a real impact on the clinkerization and the properties of Portland clinker. The main aim of the article is to assess the effect of GCS on the sinterability of Portland clinker, including the influence of heavy metals introduced. The sinterability tests carried out on batches with different GCS contents allowed us to establish that its substitution for the natural iron-bearing raw material does not cause a decrease in the sinterability, but decreases the grindability of Portland clinker. It was shown that Ti and Mn has location priority in the C<sub>4</sub>AF phase, while the remaining metals are evenly distributed in all phases present in Portland clinker. The higher GCS addition, the greater the share of the M3 alite in the clinker, at the expense of the M1 variety. The decrease in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions associated with the introduction of the calcite-free CaO along with the slag is lower than the expected calculated value.</p>

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The use of granulated copper slag as a raw material component for Portland cement clinker production

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Wojciech Wons,
  • Karol Rzepa,
  • Aleksander Glich,
  • Sebastian Komarek

摘要

The cement industry is energy-intensive, highly-emissive, and fossil fuels-consuming. The natural direction of its development is the partial substitution of raw materials, e.g. with industrial waste. Such potential, alternative raw material is granulated copper slag (GCS), which has a high Fe2O3 content, making it a potential iron-bearing raw material in the production of Portland clinker. Moreover, GCS contains CaO in a decarbonated form. Therefore, its use can contribute to CO2 emissions reduction in the production of Portland clinker. However, GCS contains components that are not desirable in excessive amounts, such as heavy metals. As literature indicate, they may have a real impact on the clinkerization and the properties of Portland clinker. The main aim of the article is to assess the effect of GCS on the sinterability of Portland clinker, including the influence of heavy metals introduced. The sinterability tests carried out on batches with different GCS contents allowed us to establish that its substitution for the natural iron-bearing raw material does not cause a decrease in the sinterability, but decreases the grindability of Portland clinker. It was shown that Ti and Mn has location priority in the C4AF phase, while the remaining metals are evenly distributed in all phases present in Portland clinker. The higher GCS addition, the greater the share of the M3 alite in the clinker, at the expense of the M1 variety. The decrease in CO2 emissions associated with the introduction of the calcite-free CaO along with the slag is lower than the expected calculated value.