<p>With the increasing complexity of engineering environments, there is a growing demand for concrete materials that not only possess high strength but also exhibit good ductility, energy absorption capacity, and durability. In response to these requirements, this study proposes a novel cementitious composite material reinforced with a 3D-printed multilayer honeycomb-structured scaffold, referred to as HSRCC (Honeycomb Structure Scaffold Reinforced Cementitious Composite). A series of lateral compression tests were conducted, supplemented by digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission (AE), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, to investigate the influence of scaffold volume on the macro- and micro-mechanical behavior of the specimens, including load–displacement responses, initial crushing force, energy absorption, deformation characteristics, and damage mechanisms. The results indicate that increasing the scaffold volume leads to higher initial peak crushing force and energy absorption. The addition of honeycomb structure scaffolds enhanced the initial peak crushing force of the cementitious matrix by 7% to 80%, whilst increasing its energy absorption capacity by 208% to 365%. Moreover, the specimens exhibit enhanced ductility and more pronounced strain-hardening behavior with increasing scaffold volume. DIC analysis reveals a decreasing trend in lateral expansion rate as the scaffold volume increases. AE-based failure mode classification indicates a growing proportion of shear cracks with increasing scaffold volume. Finally, SEM analysis verified the load-bearing and crack-controlling mechanisms of the honeycomb-structured scaffold. The proposed HSRCC material exhibits a favorable combination of high strength, ductility, and energy absorption, rendering it highly suitable for high-performance engineering applications, such as bridge joints, seismic-resistant structures, and deep tunnel support systems.</p>