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<p>Heat treatment induced micro residual stress accelerating subsurface spalling in bearing raceways, significantly limiting the service life of high-performance bearings. In this study, the evolution of interphase stress between primary carbides and the matrix in 8Cr4Mo4V steel during quenching and tempering is systematically investigated via a combined finite element method and nanoindentation approach. The submodel method is adopted to simulate the local stress field around carbides embedded in the raceway, accounting for phase transformation kinetics and transformation-induced plasticity. Residual stress is quantified using nanoindentation tests in continuous stiffness measurement mode at the carbide interfaces. Based on the load-displacement curves obtained by nanoindentation simulations, a linear relationship between indentation work and residual stress is established. Results of submodel method indicate that quenching introduces significant stress concentrations at carbide interfaces, with effective stress exceeding the macroscopic level by 250&#xa0;MPa. Tempering homogenizes the stress distribution but induces a transition from compressive to tensile stress in the matrix adjacent to carbides due to volume shrinkage during martensite tempering. EBSD analysis confirms strain localization near interfaces, consistent with simulation predictions. This work provides a validated strategy for analyzing heat treatment micro residual stresses and offers insights for optimizing heat treatment processes to increase bearing service life.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Revealing the evolution of heat treatment micro stress of the raceway for 8Cr4Mo4V steel bearing rings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Tao Xia,
  • Puchang Cui,
  • Tianpeng Song,
  • Wei Zhang,
  • Jingteng Xue,
  • Jingchuan Zhu,
  • Yong Liu

摘要

Heat treatment induced micro residual stress accelerating subsurface spalling in bearing raceways, significantly limiting the service life of high-performance bearings. In this study, the evolution of interphase stress between primary carbides and the matrix in 8Cr4Mo4V steel during quenching and tempering is systematically investigated via a combined finite element method and nanoindentation approach. The submodel method is adopted to simulate the local stress field around carbides embedded in the raceway, accounting for phase transformation kinetics and transformation-induced plasticity. Residual stress is quantified using nanoindentation tests in continuous stiffness measurement mode at the carbide interfaces. Based on the load-displacement curves obtained by nanoindentation simulations, a linear relationship between indentation work and residual stress is established. Results of submodel method indicate that quenching introduces significant stress concentrations at carbide interfaces, with effective stress exceeding the macroscopic level by 250 MPa. Tempering homogenizes the stress distribution but induces a transition from compressive to tensile stress in the matrix adjacent to carbides due to volume shrinkage during martensite tempering. EBSD analysis confirms strain localization near interfaces, consistent with simulation predictions. This work provides a validated strategy for analyzing heat treatment micro residual stresses and offers insights for optimizing heat treatment processes to increase bearing service life.

Graphical Abstract