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<p>The heterostructure has been shown to enable metallic materials to achieve exceptional combinations of strength and ductility. However, the creation of novel heterostructures and the understanding of their deformation mechanisms remain significant challenges. In this study, 304 stainless steel (304ss) was subjected to a unidirectional twisting of 360° followed by annealing at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800&#xa0;°C for 30&#xa0;min. Microstructural characterizations using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed the formation of two distinct types of global dual-gradient structures (GDGS) in the twisted and annealed 304ss. The mechanical properties of the GDGS 304ss were assessed through tensile tests, demonstrating superior combinations of high strength and ductility. The exceptional performance arose primarily from the interaction between the GDGS structures and martensitic transformation, which facilitated martensitic transformation (<i>γ → α’</i>) in the surface zones. Furthermore, the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) to accommodate the mechanical incompatibility between hetero-zones contributed to the synergistic enhancement of both strength and ductility.</p>

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Exceptional strength-ductility combinations and deformation mechanisms in global dual-gradient structured austenitic stainless steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Xinrui Yang,
  • Binglu Shi,
  • Lina Wang,
  • Xiliang Zhang,
  • Jing Chen,
  • Yindong Shi,
  • Zhenguo Xing

摘要

The heterostructure has been shown to enable metallic materials to achieve exceptional combinations of strength and ductility. However, the creation of novel heterostructures and the understanding of their deformation mechanisms remain significant challenges. In this study, 304 stainless steel (304ss) was subjected to a unidirectional twisting of 360° followed by annealing at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C for 30 min. Microstructural characterizations using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed the formation of two distinct types of global dual-gradient structures (GDGS) in the twisted and annealed 304ss. The mechanical properties of the GDGS 304ss were assessed through tensile tests, demonstrating superior combinations of high strength and ductility. The exceptional performance arose primarily from the interaction between the GDGS structures and martensitic transformation, which facilitated martensitic transformation (γ → α’) in the surface zones. Furthermore, the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) to accommodate the mechanical incompatibility between hetero-zones contributed to the synergistic enhancement of both strength and ductility.