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<p>Bone regeneration remains a persistent clinical challenge, with optimal therapeutic strategies yet to be established. Magnesium alloys reinforced with bioactive particles represent an emerging biomaterial class demonstrating favorable tribological properties and inherent osteogenic potential. The study presents a comparative investigation of the dry reciprocating wear behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy and its friction stir processed surface composites, each reinforced with 15 wt% of bioactive nanoparticles: HA, ZrO<sub>2</sub>, and Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc tribometer under a 5&#xa0;N load, 5&#xa0;Hz frequency, and 5&#xa0;mm stroke length for 900&#xa0;s against ZrO<sub>2</sub>, Si<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, and SS440 counterface balls. Among the composites, the AZ91D matrix reinforced with ZrO<sub>2</sub> exhibited the lowest wear volume, showing reductions of 24.2% and 38.7% compared to the Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and HA-reinforcement, respectively, along with a relatively lower coefficient of friction. This synergistic enhancement is attributed to the uniform distribution of fine reinforcement, which suppressed adhesive and delamination wear while increasing load-bearing capacity during repeated sliding. Microstructural and surface characterizations using SEM, EDS, and XRD confirmed a transition in the dominant wear mechanism from adhesive and abrasive modes in the monolithic alloy to more abrasive and erosive mechanisms in the composites. The presence of reinforcement and in situ formation of protective magnesium-based oxides played a key role in this shift. The novelty of this work lies in revealing the tailored tribological behavior of AZ91D through bioactive reinforcement via friction stir processing for improved wear resistance in magnesium-based composites.</p>

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Synergistic enhancement of bio-tribological properties in HA-, ZrO2-, and Y2O3-reinforced AZ91D surface composites via friction stir processing: a comparative analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Surendra Kumar Patel,
  • Sudesh Singh,
  • Lei Shi,
  • Lu Liu,
  • Zhen Sun,
  • Ashish Kumar,
  • Chuansong Wu,
  • Avinash Ravi Raja

摘要

Bone regeneration remains a persistent clinical challenge, with optimal therapeutic strategies yet to be established. Magnesium alloys reinforced with bioactive particles represent an emerging biomaterial class demonstrating favorable tribological properties and inherent osteogenic potential. The study presents a comparative investigation of the dry reciprocating wear behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy and its friction stir processed surface composites, each reinforced with 15 wt% of bioactive nanoparticles: HA, ZrO2, and Y2O3. Wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc tribometer under a 5 N load, 5 Hz frequency, and 5 mm stroke length for 900 s against ZrO2, Si2N4, and SS440 counterface balls. Among the composites, the AZ91D matrix reinforced with ZrO2 exhibited the lowest wear volume, showing reductions of 24.2% and 38.7% compared to the Y2O3 and HA-reinforcement, respectively, along with a relatively lower coefficient of friction. This synergistic enhancement is attributed to the uniform distribution of fine reinforcement, which suppressed adhesive and delamination wear while increasing load-bearing capacity during repeated sliding. Microstructural and surface characterizations using SEM, EDS, and XRD confirmed a transition in the dominant wear mechanism from adhesive and abrasive modes in the monolithic alloy to more abrasive and erosive mechanisms in the composites. The presence of reinforcement and in situ formation of protective magnesium-based oxides played a key role in this shift. The novelty of this work lies in revealing the tailored tribological behavior of AZ91D through bioactive reinforcement via friction stir processing for improved wear resistance in magnesium-based composites.