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<p>Spalling is a common dynamic damage phenomenon during blasting and excavation of underground projects, and the use of supporting structures is still the most effective engineering measure to control this type of disaster. This study investigates the spalling characteristics of Thin Spray-on Liner (TSL)-supported sandstone under dynamic loading using a Hopkinson pressure bar. Results demonstrate that increasing TSL thickness enhances impact resistance, necessitating higher impact pressures (0.30&#xa0;MPa to 0.40&#xa0;MPa) to induce spalling. TSL effectively attenuates reflected wave amplitudes, reducing spalling strength from 8.81&#xa0;MPa to 7.20&#xa0;MPa with increasing thickness. Furthermore, TSL reduces spalling events from two in unsupported specimens to one at 5&#xa0;mm and 10&#xa0;mm thicknesses, despite elevated impact pressures, and shifts spalling locations away from the free end, with distances increasing by 0%, 12%, and 65% for 5&#xa0;mm, 10&#xa0;mm, and 20&#xa0;mm TSL, respectively. Both experimental and numerical simulation results reveal that the TSL has energy absorption properties under dynamic loading conditions, and the effect is most significant when the thickness reaches 10&#xa0;mm; the enhancement of the energy absorption effect is gradually weakened with the further increase of the thickness. Compared to mortar support, TSL, at one-tenth the thickness, maintains structural integrity and superior adhesion, preventing interface failure and yielding greater spalling distances. These findings underscore TSL’s efficacy as a dynamic support material, offering significant potential for engineering applications.</p>

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Thickness-dependent spalling characteristics of sandstone with thin spray-on liners under dynamic loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Wentao Long,
  • Shiming Wang,
  • Yunfan Bai,
  • Yang Zou,
  • Qiuhong Wu

摘要

Spalling is a common dynamic damage phenomenon during blasting and excavation of underground projects, and the use of supporting structures is still the most effective engineering measure to control this type of disaster. This study investigates the spalling characteristics of Thin Spray-on Liner (TSL)-supported sandstone under dynamic loading using a Hopkinson pressure bar. Results demonstrate that increasing TSL thickness enhances impact resistance, necessitating higher impact pressures (0.30 MPa to 0.40 MPa) to induce spalling. TSL effectively attenuates reflected wave amplitudes, reducing spalling strength from 8.81 MPa to 7.20 MPa with increasing thickness. Furthermore, TSL reduces spalling events from two in unsupported specimens to one at 5 mm and 10 mm thicknesses, despite elevated impact pressures, and shifts spalling locations away from the free end, with distances increasing by 0%, 12%, and 65% for 5 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm TSL, respectively. Both experimental and numerical simulation results reveal that the TSL has energy absorption properties under dynamic loading conditions, and the effect is most significant when the thickness reaches 10 mm; the enhancement of the energy absorption effect is gradually weakened with the further increase of the thickness. Compared to mortar support, TSL, at one-tenth the thickness, maintains structural integrity and superior adhesion, preventing interface failure and yielding greater spalling distances. These findings underscore TSL’s efficacy as a dynamic support material, offering significant potential for engineering applications.