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<p> This study experimentally investigated the correlation between crystallographic, microstructural, and mechanical properties of&#xa0;Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) fabricated ER70S-6 steel, especially&#xa0;focusing on the effects of layer height on the fabricated samples. To examine these properties, the samples were tested at different heights, i.e., bottom segment (BS), middle segment (MS) and top segment (TS). Then, the microstructure, grain scale boundaries, microhardness, and phase transformations were analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EBSD), microhardness tester, and X-ray Diffractometer. Similarly, the mechanical behavior of ER70S-6 manufactured parts was measured along a vertical direction, i.e., building direction with&#xa0;a universal testing machine (UTM). The research shows that the mechanical properties of the same parts at different heights were not similar. The average microhardness and ultimate tensile strength of the constructed sample were reduced by 13.21% and 6.18%, respectively, from the bottom to the top of the sample. Based on this, it was found that changes in the cooling rate at different levels resulted in considerable variation in the microstructure. It is also concluded that a coarse-grained zone exists in samples along the building axis, with its growth toward the topmost part causing various changes in mechanical attributes such as ductility and strength.</p>

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Influence of progressive deposition on microstructure and mechanical properties of ER70S-6 in wire arc additive manufacturing process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • Harpal,
  • Gurraj Singh,
  • M. K. Gupta

摘要

This study experimentally investigated the correlation between crystallographic, microstructural, and mechanical properties of Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) fabricated ER70S-6 steel, especially focusing on the effects of layer height on the fabricated samples. To examine these properties, the samples were tested at different heights, i.e., bottom segment (BS), middle segment (MS) and top segment (TS). Then, the microstructure, grain scale boundaries, microhardness, and phase transformations were analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EBSD), microhardness tester, and X-ray Diffractometer. Similarly, the mechanical behavior of ER70S-6 manufactured parts was measured along a vertical direction, i.e., building direction with a universal testing machine (UTM). The research shows that the mechanical properties of the same parts at different heights were not similar. The average microhardness and ultimate tensile strength of the constructed sample were reduced by 13.21% and 6.18%, respectively, from the bottom to the top of the sample. Based on this, it was found that changes in the cooling rate at different levels resulted in considerable variation in the microstructure. It is also concluded that a coarse-grained zone exists in samples along the building axis, with its growth toward the topmost part causing various changes in mechanical attributes such as ductility and strength.