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<p>Gradient structures have received extensive attention in bone tissue engineering because they can achieve a bionic design of tissue structures. Unfortunately, a single gradient structure design usually makes it difficult to match the bone tissue structure of different sites. Herein, a parametric hybrid gradient (HG) design strategy was proposed to independently adjust the local microstructural morphology to meet specific performance requirements. Specifically, polyurethane scaffolds with different HG were designed and built by combining triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) and laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P). The results of experimental tests and numerical simulations showed that the HG scaffolds have better mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics than the uniform scaffolds. Moreover, it also exhibited better energy loss and shape recovery in cyclic compression tests, indicating good energy reuse and shape memory. More importantly, the HG scaffold exhibited good cytocompatibility and also had permeability similar to that of human cancellous bone tissue (ranging from 6.34 × 10<sup>−9</sup> to 7.74 × 10<sup>−9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>). The advantages demonstrated by HG scaffolds in terms of mechanical properties, shape memory, and permeability highlight their potential for application in bone tissue engineering.</p> Graphical abstract <p>The combination of triply periodic minimal surface with segmented gradient function and laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers effectively realizes the design and fabrication of hybrid gradient (HG) scaffolds. Experimental and numerical simulation results revealed that HG scaffolds have better mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics than uniform scaffolds. Moreover, its permeability ranged from 6.34&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>−9</sup> to 7.74&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>−9</sup>&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>, which was similar to that of cancellous bone tissue in the human body and showed promotion of cell behavior. Besides, a lumbar intervertebral disc fusion cage with a hybrid gradient structure has been successfully fabricated.</p>

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Parametric design and additively manufactured hybrid gradient porous scaffolds: mechanical properties, shape memory and permeability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月19日

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  • Yong Xu,
  • Zonghan Li,
  • Shuangjun Zhang,
  • Peng Chen,
  • Pin Li,
  • Mengqi Li,
  • Meigui Chen

摘要

Gradient structures have received extensive attention in bone tissue engineering because they can achieve a bionic design of tissue structures. Unfortunately, a single gradient structure design usually makes it difficult to match the bone tissue structure of different sites. Herein, a parametric hybrid gradient (HG) design strategy was proposed to independently adjust the local microstructural morphology to meet specific performance requirements. Specifically, polyurethane scaffolds with different HG were designed and built by combining triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) and laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P). The results of experimental tests and numerical simulations showed that the HG scaffolds have better mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics than the uniform scaffolds. Moreover, it also exhibited better energy loss and shape recovery in cyclic compression tests, indicating good energy reuse and shape memory. More importantly, the HG scaffold exhibited good cytocompatibility and also had permeability similar to that of human cancellous bone tissue (ranging from 6.34 × 10−9 to 7.74 × 10−9 m2). The advantages demonstrated by HG scaffolds in terms of mechanical properties, shape memory, and permeability highlight their potential for application in bone tissue engineering.

Graphical abstract

The combination of triply periodic minimal surface with segmented gradient function and laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers effectively realizes the design and fabrication of hybrid gradient (HG) scaffolds. Experimental and numerical simulation results revealed that HG scaffolds have better mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics than uniform scaffolds. Moreover, its permeability ranged from 6.34 × 10−9 to 7.74 × 10−9 m2, which was similar to that of cancellous bone tissue in the human body and showed promotion of cell behavior. Besides, a lumbar intervertebral disc fusion cage with a hybrid gradient structure has been successfully fabricated.