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<p>Curry leaves (<i>Bergera koenigii</i> L. (syn. of <i>Murraya koenigii</i> (L.) Spreng., Rutaceae) widely used in Indian cuisine for their distinctive aroma, are a rich source of bioactive carbazole alkaloids, among which girinimbine is a prominent compound exhibiting diverse medicinal properties. Girinimbine exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing nitric oxide production, and enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses. Its gastroprotective role is evidenced by its ability to increase mucus secretion, prostaglandin E₂ levels, and heat shock protein expression, thereby protecting against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Furthermore, girinimbine shows cardioprotective effects by its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and lipid metabolism. Its effectiveness in neurodegenerative diseases and hepatoprotection appears to be due to its regulation of intrinsic apoptotic pathways by downregulating the pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and caspase-3, while upregulating anti-apoptotic markers like Bcl-2. It also shows nephroprotective effects due to its antifibrotic properties. Girinimbine exerts its antibacterial action on both gram-positive and negative bacteria. Collectively, these multifaceted biological activities underscore girinimbine’s potential as a valuable natural compound for developing therapeutic agents targeting inflammatory, neurodegenerative, hepatic, and kidney diseases, as well as gastrointestinal disorders, warranting further clinical investigation to fully harness its medicinal benefits.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Therapeutic Potentials of Girinimbine, A Carbazole Alkaloid: A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Shymaa I. A. Abdel-dayem,
  • Sally A. Fahim,
  • Ahmed M. El-Dessouki,
  • Riham A. El-Shiekh,
  • Kareem A. Attallah,
  • Kareem Abdou,
  • Mostafa A. Rabie

摘要

Curry leaves (Bergera koenigii L. (syn. of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., Rutaceae) widely used in Indian cuisine for their distinctive aroma, are a rich source of bioactive carbazole alkaloids, among which girinimbine is a prominent compound exhibiting diverse medicinal properties. Girinimbine exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing nitric oxide production, and enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses. Its gastroprotective role is evidenced by its ability to increase mucus secretion, prostaglandin E₂ levels, and heat shock protein expression, thereby protecting against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Furthermore, girinimbine shows cardioprotective effects by its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and lipid metabolism. Its effectiveness in neurodegenerative diseases and hepatoprotection appears to be due to its regulation of intrinsic apoptotic pathways by downregulating the pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and caspase-3, while upregulating anti-apoptotic markers like Bcl-2. It also shows nephroprotective effects due to its antifibrotic properties. Girinimbine exerts its antibacterial action on both gram-positive and negative bacteria. Collectively, these multifaceted biological activities underscore girinimbine’s potential as a valuable natural compound for developing therapeutic agents targeting inflammatory, neurodegenerative, hepatic, and kidney diseases, as well as gastrointestinal disorders, warranting further clinical investigation to fully harness its medicinal benefits.

Graphical Abstract