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<p>Bitter beans (<i>Parkia speciosa</i> Hassk., Fabaceae) are widely used in Asia for both cooking and traditional medicine. Mammary carcinoma, a global threat to animal health, drives research into alternative cancer treatments due to the harsh side effects of chemotherapy. Plant bioactive compounds (alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and more) possess therapeutic effects, for instance, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study investigated the potential of <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract to combat mammary tumors in an animal model (BALB/c mice), which closely mimic the progression of human mammary tumors. Qualitative and quantitative analyses identified flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and saponins in <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract, with gallic acid quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. In an <i>in vitro</i> study, <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract inhibited 4T1 mammary cell lines, which, at 24&#xa0;h treatment, had no obvious antiproliferative effect compared to 72&#xa0;h of treatment. After 28&#xa0;days, <i>in vivo P. speciosa</i> seed extract administration showed a trend in reducing tumor volume compared to the negative controls, where <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract at 1000&#xa0;mg/kg on week 4 of the treatment, the tumor size was 23.5% bigger than the positive control treated with doxorubicin, compared to the untreated, the tumor size was 65% bigger. Enzyme levels remained stable, indicating low toxicity to the kidneys and liver, hence no mortality in the <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract-treated groups until day 28th of treatment. However, for the doxorubicin-treated and untreated groups, two mice died throughout the study period. These results correlate with the <i>in vitro</i> apoptosis and antiproliferative effect of the 4T1 BALB/c cell line induced by <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract. Overall, <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract showed anti-mammary tumor effects with minimal side effects. This study sheds light on <i>P. speciosa</i> seed extract potential or adjunct in mammary carcinoma treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bitter Bean (Parkia speciosa) Aqueous Extract: A Potential Natural Compound Agent Against Mammary Carcinoma in BALB/c Mice

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Nur Amalina Noralidin,
  • Muhammad Luqman Nordin,
  • Rumaizi Shaari,
  • Kamarul Ariffin Hambali,
  • Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan,
  • Abu Hassan Nordin,
  • Nurshahirah Shaharulnizim,
  • Mimi Armiladiana Mohamad,
  • Ahmad Khusairi Azemi

摘要

Bitter beans (Parkia speciosa Hassk., Fabaceae) are widely used in Asia for both cooking and traditional medicine. Mammary carcinoma, a global threat to animal health, drives research into alternative cancer treatments due to the harsh side effects of chemotherapy. Plant bioactive compounds (alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and more) possess therapeutic effects, for instance, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study investigated the potential of P. speciosa seed extract to combat mammary tumors in an animal model (BALB/c mice), which closely mimic the progression of human mammary tumors. Qualitative and quantitative analyses identified flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and saponins in P. speciosa seed extract, with gallic acid quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. In an in vitro study, P. speciosa seed extract inhibited 4T1 mammary cell lines, which, at 24 h treatment, had no obvious antiproliferative effect compared to 72 h of treatment. After 28 days, in vivo P. speciosa seed extract administration showed a trend in reducing tumor volume compared to the negative controls, where P. speciosa seed extract at 1000 mg/kg on week 4 of the treatment, the tumor size was 23.5% bigger than the positive control treated with doxorubicin, compared to the untreated, the tumor size was 65% bigger. Enzyme levels remained stable, indicating low toxicity to the kidneys and liver, hence no mortality in the P. speciosa seed extract-treated groups until day 28th of treatment. However, for the doxorubicin-treated and untreated groups, two mice died throughout the study period. These results correlate with the in vitro apoptosis and antiproliferative effect of the 4T1 BALB/c cell line induced by P. speciosa seed extract. Overall, P. speciosa seed extract showed anti-mammary tumor effects with minimal side effects. This study sheds light on P. speciosa seed extract potential or adjunct in mammary carcinoma treatment.

Graphical Abstract