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<p>Economical enzyme production is a significant matter, given the importance of biocatalysis for cleaner and sustainable processes. Microbial proteases are relevant in the food, feed, leather and detergent industries, as well as for waste management. Thus, diverse low-cost substrates were assessed to maximize protease production by <i>Bacillus</i> sp. CL14 through submerged cultivations. Next, the crude enzyme was evaluated for silver recovery from X-ray films, and to obtain bioactive protein hydrolysates from animal biomasses. Among 18 low-cost substrates (10&#xa0;g/L), highest protease yields were obtained with canola meal (1,977 U/mL, day 5), which were 2.32-fold higher than peptone. Increasing canola meal to 30&#xa0;g/L further enhanced enzyme production by 49% (2,950 U/mL, day 4). Addition of co-substrates (5&#xa0;g/L) have not augmented protease yields. The crude enzyme and its dilutions (4:1, 1:1, 1:4) removed the gelatin-silver layer from X-ray films (4–8&#xa0;min; 55&#xa0;°C), and could be used for five removal cycles. The protease hydrolyzed milled feathers, blood meal, meat and bone meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, and viscera meal, yielding hydrolysates with increased radical-scavenging, Fe<sup>2+</sup>-chelating and Fe<sup>3+</sup>-reducing abilities. Further experiments indicated that antioxidant activities of viscera meal hydrolysates depended on hydrolysis time and enzyme-to-substrate ratio. Therefore, a bacterial protease was produced through bioconversion of an abundant agro-industrial by-product. Enzymatic silver recovery is a promising management approach for waste X-ray films. Production of bioactive protein hydrolysates is an interesting strategy for the valorization of animal-derived protein meals, with prospective applications in feed and food technology.</p>

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Production and applications of Bacillus sp. CL14 crude protease: approaches for biomass valorization and silver recovery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月2日

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  • Gabriela Poll Moraes,
  • Juliano Backes Scherer,
  • Carolina Becker da Silva,
  • Rafael Franco Pires,
  • Daniel Joner Daroit

摘要

Economical enzyme production is a significant matter, given the importance of biocatalysis for cleaner and sustainable processes. Microbial proteases are relevant in the food, feed, leather and detergent industries, as well as for waste management. Thus, diverse low-cost substrates were assessed to maximize protease production by Bacillus sp. CL14 through submerged cultivations. Next, the crude enzyme was evaluated for silver recovery from X-ray films, and to obtain bioactive protein hydrolysates from animal biomasses. Among 18 low-cost substrates (10 g/L), highest protease yields were obtained with canola meal (1,977 U/mL, day 5), which were 2.32-fold higher than peptone. Increasing canola meal to 30 g/L further enhanced enzyme production by 49% (2,950 U/mL, day 4). Addition of co-substrates (5 g/L) have not augmented protease yields. The crude enzyme and its dilutions (4:1, 1:1, 1:4) removed the gelatin-silver layer from X-ray films (4–8 min; 55 °C), and could be used for five removal cycles. The protease hydrolyzed milled feathers, blood meal, meat and bone meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, and viscera meal, yielding hydrolysates with increased radical-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating and Fe3+-reducing abilities. Further experiments indicated that antioxidant activities of viscera meal hydrolysates depended on hydrolysis time and enzyme-to-substrate ratio. Therefore, a bacterial protease was produced through bioconversion of an abundant agro-industrial by-product. Enzymatic silver recovery is a promising management approach for waste X-ray films. Production of bioactive protein hydrolysates is an interesting strategy for the valorization of animal-derived protein meals, with prospective applications in feed and food technology.