Normal prices, then and now
摘要
The concept of a normal price has a long history in economics. Marshall prominently uses the concept in his analysis of price determination. He also claims equivalence between his concept of long-period normal price and the concept of natural price in classical economics. Schumpeter equates Marshall’s normal price to his own concept of a theoretical norm for price. Use of the language of normality continues in post-Keynesian price theory with normal-cost pricing. Also, the concept of normal price is used in the modern evolutionary analysis of creative destruction. This paper reviews the history of the natural and normal price in the price theory of classical economists, Marshall, Schumpeter, post-Keynesian economists, and modern evolutionary economists. Discussion then focusses on the changes over time in what is considered normal, what remains as common elements across the concepts used by the identified economists or groups of economists, and the absence of a normal-price concept in neoclassical theory of general equilibrium.