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<p>Assessing trace metal elements (TMEs) in groundwater is crucial for evaluating environmental risks and protecting public health, especially in areas with intensive agricultural and industrial activity. At high concentrations, TMEs are toxic and persist in ecosystems due to their low volatility and non-biodegradability, leading to bioaccumulation in the food chain. This study investigated TME concentrations in groundwater from Khenifra Province through seasonal sampling between May 2021 and April 2022. Water quality was assessed using the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Metal Index (MI) according to Moroccan standards, and the results were combined with multivariate analyses. The results reveal the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Zn in varying concentrations. HPI values ranged from 0.04 to 6.56, and MI values ranged from 0.02 to 2.92, indicating localized contamination hotspots. Principal Component Analysis distinguished groups of metals, suggesting multiple contamination sources, while Hierarchical Cluster Analysis highlighted spatial variability. Strong correlations were observed between Fe and contamination indices (<i>r</i> &gt; 0.95), underscoring its dominant influence on groundwater quality. Overall, the study demonstrates the necessity of continuous monitoring and integrating TME assessments into groundwater management strategies, accounting for both natural geological factors and anthropogenic pressures, such as agriculture, industry, and inadequate waste management.</p>

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Trace metal contamination in groundwater of a karstic area in Khenifra, Morocco: a multivariate and pollution index approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Youssef El Hammioui,
  • Abdessamad Hilali,
  • Said El Boute,
  • Soufiane Hajaj,
  • Widad Ennaji,
  • Mohamed El Garnaoui,
  • Amroumoussa Benmoussa,
  • Driss Elhamdouni,
  • Abdennabi Alitane,
  • El Hassan Abba

摘要

Assessing trace metal elements (TMEs) in groundwater is crucial for evaluating environmental risks and protecting public health, especially in areas with intensive agricultural and industrial activity. At high concentrations, TMEs are toxic and persist in ecosystems due to their low volatility and non-biodegradability, leading to bioaccumulation in the food chain. This study investigated TME concentrations in groundwater from Khenifra Province through seasonal sampling between May 2021 and April 2022. Water quality was assessed using the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Metal Index (MI) according to Moroccan standards, and the results were combined with multivariate analyses. The results reveal the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Zn in varying concentrations. HPI values ranged from 0.04 to 6.56, and MI values ranged from 0.02 to 2.92, indicating localized contamination hotspots. Principal Component Analysis distinguished groups of metals, suggesting multiple contamination sources, while Hierarchical Cluster Analysis highlighted spatial variability. Strong correlations were observed between Fe and contamination indices (r > 0.95), underscoring its dominant influence on groundwater quality. Overall, the study demonstrates the necessity of continuous monitoring and integrating TME assessments into groundwater management strategies, accounting for both natural geological factors and anthropogenic pressures, such as agriculture, industry, and inadequate waste management.