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<p>Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction has emerged as a promising green technology for the recovery of high-value compounds from microalgae, including lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and antioxidants. This review critically evaluates recent advances in thermodynamic optimization, kinetic modelling, response surface methodology (RSM), and process integration strategies. Operating pressures typically range from 200 to 400&#xa0;bar, with extraction performance strongly influenced by adsorption-controlled mass transfer, moisture content (up to ~ 23 wt% without severe inhibition), and pretreatment intensity. While SC-CO₂ enhances selectivity and product purity compared to conventional solvent extraction, techno-economic assessments identify compression energy, biomass drying, and extraction time as primary cost drivers. Economic viability improves significantly when targeting high-value bioactives and when SC-CO₂ is integrated within multi-product biorefinery frameworks rather than applied to bulk biofuel production alone. Keyword co-occurrence analysis further reveals a shift in research emphasis from isolated extraction efficiency toward system-level integration, co-solvent tuning, and sustainability assessment. Future progress requires hybrid extraction systems combining mechanistic modelling and statistical optimization, alongside holistic sustainability metrics incorporating energy intensity, lifecycle assessment (LCA), and techno-economic analysis (TEA). Such integrated approaches are essential for translating laboratory-scale SC-CO₂ processes into scalable, economically viable algal biorefineries.</p>

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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of algae: current trends, innovations, and challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Nicky Rahmana Putra,
  • Sri Agustini,
  • Rosniati Rosniati,
  • Asmaliyah Asmaliyah,
  • Suharmiati Suharmiati

摘要

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction has emerged as a promising green technology for the recovery of high-value compounds from microalgae, including lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and antioxidants. This review critically evaluates recent advances in thermodynamic optimization, kinetic modelling, response surface methodology (RSM), and process integration strategies. Operating pressures typically range from 200 to 400 bar, with extraction performance strongly influenced by adsorption-controlled mass transfer, moisture content (up to ~ 23 wt% without severe inhibition), and pretreatment intensity. While SC-CO₂ enhances selectivity and product purity compared to conventional solvent extraction, techno-economic assessments identify compression energy, biomass drying, and extraction time as primary cost drivers. Economic viability improves significantly when targeting high-value bioactives and when SC-CO₂ is integrated within multi-product biorefinery frameworks rather than applied to bulk biofuel production alone. Keyword co-occurrence analysis further reveals a shift in research emphasis from isolated extraction efficiency toward system-level integration, co-solvent tuning, and sustainability assessment. Future progress requires hybrid extraction systems combining mechanistic modelling and statistical optimization, alongside holistic sustainability metrics incorporating energy intensity, lifecycle assessment (LCA), and techno-economic analysis (TEA). Such integrated approaches are essential for translating laboratory-scale SC-CO₂ processes into scalable, economically viable algal biorefineries.