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<p>Metal-free persulfate (PS) activation technique is being investigated as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional metal-based activators. In this study, PS activation was accomplished in situ via biologically mediated sulfur cycling, where thiosulfate (TS) produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) within a continuous-flow bioelectrochemical system (BES) was used to improve the oxidation of persistent pollutants in industrial effluents. The system comprised two reactors arranged in series, operating under continuous-flow conditions. Samples were collected and analyzed in triplicate (<i>n</i> = 3 analytical replicates for each sampling point). Performance data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Notably, the enhancements in COD and TOC removal at an applied potential of 300 mV were statistically significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) when compared to the condition without applied potential. Despite a nearly threefold increase in total organic carbon (TOC) loading, the reactors (R<sub>B1</sub>/R<sub>B2</sub>), both with and without an applied potential, maintained stable effluent discharge during Stage II operation, demonstrating successful organic degradation. More than 60% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed at 8&#xa0;h of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and the use of an external potential of 300 mV enhanced treatment performance while reducing operational costs under continuous operation. The average oxidation state values of − 5.272 (R<sub>A2</sub>) and − 4.119 (R<sub>B2</sub>) indicate improved oxidation of organic molecules in the PS-amended BES. Additionally, the inclusion of PS facilitated metal immobilization on bioelectrodes, with Pb and Fe showing better retention than Zn and Ni. The applied voltage also increased the production of VFAs and ethanol. The results indicate that SRB-mediated, in situ TS-enabled PS activation within a BES is an effective method for treating sulfate-rich industrial effluents, including those containing persistent organic contaminants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sulfate-reducing bacteria-mediated thiosulfate generation for in situ persulfate activation in a continuous bioelectrochemical system treating industrial effluent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Valeed Ahmed Khan,
  • Rajesh Singh

摘要

Metal-free persulfate (PS) activation technique is being investigated as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional metal-based activators. In this study, PS activation was accomplished in situ via biologically mediated sulfur cycling, where thiosulfate (TS) produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) within a continuous-flow bioelectrochemical system (BES) was used to improve the oxidation of persistent pollutants in industrial effluents. The system comprised two reactors arranged in series, operating under continuous-flow conditions. Samples were collected and analyzed in triplicate (n = 3 analytical replicates for each sampling point). Performance data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Notably, the enhancements in COD and TOC removal at an applied potential of 300 mV were statistically significant (p < 0.05) when compared to the condition without applied potential. Despite a nearly threefold increase in total organic carbon (TOC) loading, the reactors (RB1/RB2), both with and without an applied potential, maintained stable effluent discharge during Stage II operation, demonstrating successful organic degradation. More than 60% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed at 8 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and the use of an external potential of 300 mV enhanced treatment performance while reducing operational costs under continuous operation. The average oxidation state values of − 5.272 (RA2) and − 4.119 (RB2) indicate improved oxidation of organic molecules in the PS-amended BES. Additionally, the inclusion of PS facilitated metal immobilization on bioelectrodes, with Pb and Fe showing better retention than Zn and Ni. The applied voltage also increased the production of VFAs and ethanol. The results indicate that SRB-mediated, in situ TS-enabled PS activation within a BES is an effective method for treating sulfate-rich industrial effluents, including those containing persistent organic contaminants.

Graphical Abstract