<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {T}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote the algebra of all <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2 \times 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> upper triangular matrices over a field <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We show that the linear space of all 2-local derivations on <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {T}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> decomposes as <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="88" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {L} = \mathcal {D} \oplus \mathcal {L}_0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">D</mi> <mo>⊕</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">L</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">D</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the subspace of all derivations, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {L}_0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">L</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> consists of 2-local derivations vanishing on a subset of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {T}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, isomorphic to the space of functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f:\mathbb {F}\rightarrow \mathbb {F}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(0)=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For any 2-local automorphism <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {T}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we show that there exists a unique automorphism <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\phi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϕ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and a 2-local automorphism <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda _{1} \in \varPsi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>Ψ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda = \phi \Lambda _1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varPsi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>Ψ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the monoid of 2-local automorphisms that act as the identity on a subset of <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {T}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Furthermore, we establish that <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varPsi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>Ψ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is isomorphic to the monoid of injective functions from <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43036_2025_430_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow /> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to itself.</p>

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2-Local automorphisms and derivations of triangular matrices

  • Wenbo Huang,
  • Shan Li

摘要

Let \(\mathcal {T}\) T denote the algebra of all \(2 \times 2\) 2 × 2 upper triangular matrices over a field \(\mathbb {F}\) F . We show that the linear space of all 2-local derivations on \(\mathcal {T}\) T decomposes as \(\mathcal {L} = \mathcal {D} \oplus \mathcal {L}_0\) L = D L 0 , where \(\mathcal {D}\) D is the subspace of all derivations, and \(\mathcal {L}_0\) L 0 consists of 2-local derivations vanishing on a subset of \(\mathcal {T}\) T , isomorphic to the space of functions \(f:\mathbb {F}\rightarrow \mathbb {F}\) f : F F such that \(f(0)=0\) f ( 0 ) = 0 . For any 2-local automorphism \(\Lambda \) Λ on \(\mathcal {T}\) T , we show that there exists a unique automorphism \(\phi \) ϕ and a 2-local automorphism \(\Lambda _{1} \in \varPsi \) Λ 1 Ψ such that \(\Lambda = \phi \Lambda _1\) Λ = ϕ Λ 1 , where \(\varPsi \) Ψ is the monoid of 2-local automorphisms that act as the identity on a subset of \(\mathcal {T}\) T . Furthermore, we establish that \(\varPsi \) Ψ is isomorphic to the monoid of injective functions from \(\mathbb {F}^{*}\) F to itself.