<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {E}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">E</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a finite dimensional Hilbert space. This note finds all factorizations of the right shift semigroup <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {S}}^\mathcal {E}=(S_t^\mathcal {E})_{t\ge 0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">S</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">E</mi> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi mathvariant="script">E</mi> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(L^2(\mathbb {R}_+,\mathcal {E})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> into the product of <i>n</i> commuting contractive semigroups, i.e., characterizes all <i>n</i>-tuples of commuting semigroups <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(({\mathcal {V}}_1,{\mathcal {V}}_2,\ldots ,{\mathcal {V}}_n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">V</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">V</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">V</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> where <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {V}}_i=(V_{i,t})_{t\ge 0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">V</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(i=1,2,\ldots ,n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are semigroups of contractions satisfying <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V_{i,t}V_{j,t}=V_{j,t}V_{i,t}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <i>i</i> and <i>j</i> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_t^\mathcal {E}=V_{1,t}V_{2,t}\cdots V_{n,t}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi mathvariant="script">E</mi> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋯</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t\ge 0.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> The factorizations are characterized by tuples of self-adjoint operators <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\underline{A}=(A_1,A_2,\ldots ,A_n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <munder> <mi>A</mi> <mo>̲</mo> </munder> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and tuples of positive contractions <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\underline{B}=(B_1,B_2,\ldots ,B_n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <munder> <mi>B</mi> <mo>̲</mo> </munder> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {E}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">E</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfying certain conditions which are stated in Theorem <InternalRef RefID="FPar38">4.10</InternalRef>. One of the tools of our analysis is a convexity argument using the extreme points of the <i>Herglotz</i> class of functions <Equation ID="Equ27"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} P:=\{f:{{\mathbb {D}}}\rightarrow \mathbb {C}\text { is analytic}, \text {Re}\{f\}&gt;0 \text { and }f(0)=1 \}. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>is analytic</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>Re</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>and</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation></p>

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On factorization of the shift semigroup

  • Tirthankar Bhattacharyya,
  • Shubham Rastogi,
  • Kalyan B. Sinha,
  • U. Vijaya Kumar

摘要

Let \(\mathcal {E}\) E be a finite dimensional Hilbert space. This note finds all factorizations of the right shift semigroup \({\mathcal {S}}^\mathcal {E}=(S_t^\mathcal {E})_{t\ge 0}\) S E = ( S t E ) t 0 on \(L^2(\mathbb {R}_+,\mathcal {E})\) L 2 ( R + , E ) into the product of n commuting contractive semigroups, i.e., characterizes all n-tuples of commuting semigroups \(({\mathcal {V}}_1,{\mathcal {V}}_2,\ldots ,{\mathcal {V}}_n)\) ( V 1 , V 2 , , V n ) where \({\mathcal {V}}_i=(V_{i,t})_{t\ge 0}\) V i = ( V i , t ) t 0 for \(i=1,2,\ldots ,n\) i = 1 , 2 , , n are semigroups of contractions satisfying \(V_{i,t}V_{j,t}=V_{j,t}V_{i,t}\) V i , t V j , t = V j , t V i , t for all i and j and \(S_t^\mathcal {E}=V_{1,t}V_{2,t}\cdots V_{n,t}\) S t E = V 1 , t V 2 , t V n , t for all \(t\ge 0.\) t 0 . The factorizations are characterized by tuples of self-adjoint operators \(\underline{A}=(A_1,A_2,\ldots ,A_n)\) A ̲ = ( A 1 , A 2 , , A n ) and tuples of positive contractions \(\underline{B}=(B_1,B_2,\ldots ,B_n)\) B ̲ = ( B 1 , B 2 , , B n ) on \(\mathcal {E}\) E satisfying certain conditions which are stated in Theorem 4.10. One of the tools of our analysis is a convexity argument using the extreme points of the Herglotz class of functions \(\begin{aligned} P:=\{f:{{\mathbb {D}}}\rightarrow \mathbb {C}\text { is analytic}, \text {Re}\{f\}>0 \text { and }f(0)=1 \}. \end{aligned}\) P : = { f : D C is analytic , Re { f } > 0 and f ( 0 ) = 1 } .