<p>In this paper, we extend Ando’s theorem on paranormal operators, which states that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T \in \mathfrak {B}(\mathcal {H})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a paranormal operator and there exists <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n \in \mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is normal, then <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is normal. We generalize this result to the broader classes of <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>k</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-paranormal operators and absolute-<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>k</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-paranormal operators. Furthermore, in the case of a separable Hilbert space <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {H}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">H</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we show that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T \in \mathfrak {B}(\mathcal {H})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>k</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-quasi-paranormal operator for some <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k \in \mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and there exists <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n \in \mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is normal, then <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> decomposes as <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="93" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T = T' \oplus T''\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>⊕</mo> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T'\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is normal and <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T''\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is nilpotent of nil-index at most <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43034_2025_455_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="103" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\min \{n,k+1\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with either summand potentially absent.</p>

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On roots of normal operators and extensions of Ando’s Theorem

  • Hranislav Stanković,
  • Carlos Kubrusly

摘要

In this paper, we extend Ando’s theorem on paranormal operators, which states that if \(T \in \mathfrak {B}(\mathcal {H})\) T B ( H ) is a paranormal operator and there exists \(n \in \mathbb {N}\) n N such that \(T^n\) T n is normal, then \(T\) T is normal. We generalize this result to the broader classes of \(k\) k -paranormal operators and absolute- \(k\) k -paranormal operators. Furthermore, in the case of a separable Hilbert space \(\mathcal {H}\) H , we show that if \(T \in \mathfrak {B}(\mathcal {H})\) T B ( H ) is a \(k\) k -quasi-paranormal operator for some \(k \in \mathbb {N}\) k N , and there exists \(n \in \mathbb {N}\) n N such that \(T^n\) T n is normal, then \(T\) T decomposes as \(T = T' \oplus T''\) T = T T , where \(T'\) T is normal and \(T''\) T is nilpotent of nil-index at most \(\min \{n,k+1\}\) min { n , k + 1 } , with either summand potentially absent.