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<p>Glacier dynamics in response to climatic variations play a crucial role in understanding environmental changes. This study examines the Samudra-Tapu Glacier (India), analyzing changes in snow cover, glacier classes (Ice, Mixed with Debris, Shadow, Snow, and Supraglacial Debris), and the proglacial lake (classified as a water body), as well as the Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR)-based mass balance from 1992 to 2023. Using satellite imagery (Landsat at 30&#xa0;m resolution and ALOS PALSAR at 12.5&#xa0;m resolution) and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA), the study tracks significant changes in glacier composition, including a reduction in snow cover from a peak of 71.00 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 to 47.04 km<sup>2</sup> in 2023. Additionally, the study calculates annual climatic variables, including temperature and precipitation, for the same period to assess their influence on glacier dynamics. Our findings show a significant increase in the extent of supraglacial debris, suggesting a trend toward glacial retreat. The glacier’s AAR-based mass balance shifted from a positive value of + 0.10 ± 0.23&#xa0;m.w.e. (meter water equivalent) in 1992 to negative values, reaching − 0.23 ± 0.11&#xa0;m.w.e. by 2023, indicating increasing ice loss. The glacier’s equilibrium line altitude (ELA) rose from 5018.13 ± 18.7&#xa0;m in 1992 to 5310.81 ± 13.5&#xa0;m in 2018, reflecting a retreating glacier. Climatic data reveal a significant upward trend in temperature (<i>p</i>-value = 0.0298) and a non-significant upward trend in precipitation (<i>p</i>-value = 0.057). In contrast, the negligible correlation between snow cover and annual average temperature suggests that other factors, such as seasonal temperature, topography, and aspect, also influence glacier dynamics. This study highlights the critical role of glacier monitoring and assesses the impacts of climate change on glaciers. The results also underscore the need for further research into local-scale variations in glacier behavior and their broader implications for regional hydrology and ecosystems.</p>

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Spatio-temporal dynamics of the Samudra-Tapu Glacier (India) from 1992 to 2023 using object-based image analysis and multi-temporal landsat data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Abhishek Kumar,
  • Pardeep Kumar

摘要

Glacier dynamics in response to climatic variations play a crucial role in understanding environmental changes. This study examines the Samudra-Tapu Glacier (India), analyzing changes in snow cover, glacier classes (Ice, Mixed with Debris, Shadow, Snow, and Supraglacial Debris), and the proglacial lake (classified as a water body), as well as the Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR)-based mass balance from 1992 to 2023. Using satellite imagery (Landsat at 30 m resolution and ALOS PALSAR at 12.5 m resolution) and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA), the study tracks significant changes in glacier composition, including a reduction in snow cover from a peak of 71.00 km2 in 2001 to 47.04 km2 in 2023. Additionally, the study calculates annual climatic variables, including temperature and precipitation, for the same period to assess their influence on glacier dynamics. Our findings show a significant increase in the extent of supraglacial debris, suggesting a trend toward glacial retreat. The glacier’s AAR-based mass balance shifted from a positive value of + 0.10 ± 0.23 m.w.e. (meter water equivalent) in 1992 to negative values, reaching − 0.23 ± 0.11 m.w.e. by 2023, indicating increasing ice loss. The glacier’s equilibrium line altitude (ELA) rose from 5018.13 ± 18.7 m in 1992 to 5310.81 ± 13.5 m in 2018, reflecting a retreating glacier. Climatic data reveal a significant upward trend in temperature (p-value = 0.0298) and a non-significant upward trend in precipitation (p-value = 0.057). In contrast, the negligible correlation between snow cover and annual average temperature suggests that other factors, such as seasonal temperature, topography, and aspect, also influence glacier dynamics. This study highlights the critical role of glacier monitoring and assesses the impacts of climate change on glaciers. The results also underscore the need for further research into local-scale variations in glacier behavior and their broader implications for regional hydrology and ecosystems.