<p>As the severity of climate change escalates globally, it becomes increasingly critical to reassess the climatic characteristics of various regions. This reassessment is vital for developing effective strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems, human societies, and their economic activities. The study uses empirical and modern analytical methods to characterize the climate of the Inaouene watershed in northern Morocco. Among the key methodologies employed are the ombrothermic diagram, Péguy climatogram, aridity indices of De Martonne, Coutagne, and Daget’s continentality indices, <i>k</i>-means clustering, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and self-organizing maps (SOMs). These tools reveal distinct spatial and temporal variations in the basin’s climate, highlighting a predominant semi-arid climate across the 3608.2&#xa0;km² area. However, southern areas such as the Middle Atlas experience colder conditions. The watershed is characterized by a clear alternation between the wet and dry phases, with the wet season lasting from October to April, though it rarely exceeds 6&#xa0;months. Notably, the wet phase is more extended in the higher elevations. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated from mid-September to April, with substantial interannual variability. The basin’s climatic conditions are marked by increasing temperature trends and heightened vulnerability to droughts. Under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, the projected future climate suggests further warming and significant climate impacts, especially on water resources. These challenges underscore the need for integrated adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change, particularly on agriculture and water management. By combining traditional empirical approaches with modern methods, this study enhances the precision and relevance of climate characterizations, offering a robust foundation for addressing future climate challenges in the Inaouene watershed.</p>