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<p>This paper proposes a blockchain-based framework tailored for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) to ensure secure, transparent, and efficient management of assets and data in smart environments. The framework introduces a novel hybrid blockchain architecture (<b>TH-CHAIN</b>), combining Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) to enhance security, decentralization, and scalability. Specifically, the proposed hybrid consensus adopts a role-based and layered design in which PoW is used to guarantee initial block robustness and resistance to low-level attacks, PoS regulates validator eligibility based on long-term participation and stake, and DPoS enables fast block confirmation through a selected set of trusted managers. Key contributions include the Validation Trust Algorithm (VTA), which streamlines block validation processes by ranking network managers based on confidence factors, and secure communication protocols that protect private keys and data privacy. <b>TH-CHAIN</b> ensures fault tolerance, resilience to attacks, and seamless IoT device integration, which is critical for applications in Industry&#xa0;4.0, healthcare, and smart cities. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed framework in mitigating threats such as the 51% attack, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, and double-spending vulnerabilities. By leveraging lightweight cryptographic techniques, the proposed design reduces validation overhead while preserving strong security guarantees, making <b>TH-CHAIN</b> suitable for large-scale, real-time operations in resource-constrained environments.</p>

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TH-CHAIN: A Trust-Aware Hybrid Consensus Protocol for BlockCHAIN enabled Industrial CPS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Salah Eddine Elgharbi,
  • Samir Ouchani,
  • Mohammed Amine Boudouaia,
  • Mimoune Malki

摘要

This paper proposes a blockchain-based framework tailored for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) to ensure secure, transparent, and efficient management of assets and data in smart environments. The framework introduces a novel hybrid blockchain architecture (TH-CHAIN), combining Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) to enhance security, decentralization, and scalability. Specifically, the proposed hybrid consensus adopts a role-based and layered design in which PoW is used to guarantee initial block robustness and resistance to low-level attacks, PoS regulates validator eligibility based on long-term participation and stake, and DPoS enables fast block confirmation through a selected set of trusted managers. Key contributions include the Validation Trust Algorithm (VTA), which streamlines block validation processes by ranking network managers based on confidence factors, and secure communication protocols that protect private keys and data privacy. TH-CHAIN ensures fault tolerance, resilience to attacks, and seamless IoT device integration, which is critical for applications in Industry 4.0, healthcare, and smart cities. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed framework in mitigating threats such as the 51% attack, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, and double-spending vulnerabilities. By leveraging lightweight cryptographic techniques, the proposed design reduces validation overhead while preserving strong security guarantees, making TH-CHAIN suitable for large-scale, real-time operations in resource-constrained environments.