<p>Vehicular networks need secure, low-latency, and energy-efficient data validation to enable new V2X applications, however, popular blockchain consensus algorithms such as PBFT and DPoS struggle under high mobility and dynamic trust of vehicles, along with limited on-board resources. In this paper, we propose Vehicular Proof of Dynamic Stake (VPDS), a dynamic stake-based scheme that takes mobility awareness into account and synergizes dynamic stake scoring, adaptive validator selection, and a multilayer validation pipeline to provide dependable and near real-time decisions in vehicular settings. VPDS applies lightweight identity binding, cloud-assisted verification, and a strengthened security architecture to protect against Sybil, replay, DoS, Byzantine, and multi-vector attacks. The experimental results show that VPDS can keep the latency at a low level varying from 1.248 ms to 9.459 ms when increasing the transaction volume from 1000 to 5000, and the throughput can be always maintained from 16.67 to 100 TPS in a parallelised mode of validation. The proposed model attains 99.8% attack detection with less than 6% false positive after computational cost of 0.042&#xa0;J per transaction, which can be deployed on embedded vehicular plat-forms. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first multi-chain consensus protocol with high-throughput, low-energy consumption, and strong attack tolerance for ITS, which makes VPDS a realistic candidate to be the foundation of consen-sus infrastructure for the next generation of intelligent transportation systems after comparing with PBFT and DPoS.</p>

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Vehicular Proof of Dynamic Stake (VPDS): A Blockchain Based Solution for Secure Data Exchange in Vehicular IoT

  • Hemani,
  • Dayashankar Singh,
  • Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

摘要

Vehicular networks need secure, low-latency, and energy-efficient data validation to enable new V2X applications, however, popular blockchain consensus algorithms such as PBFT and DPoS struggle under high mobility and dynamic trust of vehicles, along with limited on-board resources. In this paper, we propose Vehicular Proof of Dynamic Stake (VPDS), a dynamic stake-based scheme that takes mobility awareness into account and synergizes dynamic stake scoring, adaptive validator selection, and a multilayer validation pipeline to provide dependable and near real-time decisions in vehicular settings. VPDS applies lightweight identity binding, cloud-assisted verification, and a strengthened security architecture to protect against Sybil, replay, DoS, Byzantine, and multi-vector attacks. The experimental results show that VPDS can keep the latency at a low level varying from 1.248 ms to 9.459 ms when increasing the transaction volume from 1000 to 5000, and the throughput can be always maintained from 16.67 to 100 TPS in a parallelised mode of validation. The proposed model attains 99.8% attack detection with less than 6% false positive after computational cost of 0.042 J per transaction, which can be deployed on embedded vehicular plat-forms. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first multi-chain consensus protocol with high-throughput, low-energy consumption, and strong attack tolerance for ITS, which makes VPDS a realistic candidate to be the foundation of consen-sus infrastructure for the next generation of intelligent transportation systems after comparing with PBFT and DPoS.