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<p>This survey provides a systematic analysis of blockchain architectures and consensus mechanisms tailored for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), with specific focus on their technical implementations and performance trade-offs. We present three key contributions: (1) a novel taxonomy classifying 47 blockchain-IoV solutions by security requirements (authentication, privacy protection, access control), application scenarios (data sharing, transport applications, communication), and technical features (consensus algorithms, blockchain types); (2) quantitative performance comparisons revealing that hybrid PoA/PBFT mechanisms achieve optimal latency (0.1–1&#xa0;s) and throughput (10,000+ TPS) for vehicular networks, outperforming traditional PoW by 89% in energy efficiency; and (3) identification of 5 critical research gaps including quantum vulnerability of ECDSA signatures and dynamic trust management in high-mobility environments. Through evaluation of 120+ implementations, we demonstrate its 92% attack prevention rate against Sybil and DDoS threats, while highlighting scalability limitations in public blockchains (15 TPS for Ethereum vs. 3,000 TPS for Hyperledger Fabric). The paper further proposes 6 future directions, including AI-driven smart contract auditing and lightweight zk-SNARKs for privacy-preserving V2X communication. These findings are supported by empirical data from 18 real-world deployments, including VeChain’s 10,000 TPS implementation in BYD electric vehicles and IOTA’s feeless micropayments in Berlin traffic management systems.</p>

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Blockchain for Secure and Scalable Internet of Vehicles: A Comprehensive Survey on Architectures, Consensus Mechanisms, and Privacy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Amira Zaimia,
  • Jalel Eddine Hajlaoui,
  • Mohamed Nazih Omri

摘要

This survey provides a systematic analysis of blockchain architectures and consensus mechanisms tailored for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), with specific focus on their technical implementations and performance trade-offs. We present three key contributions: (1) a novel taxonomy classifying 47 blockchain-IoV solutions by security requirements (authentication, privacy protection, access control), application scenarios (data sharing, transport applications, communication), and technical features (consensus algorithms, blockchain types); (2) quantitative performance comparisons revealing that hybrid PoA/PBFT mechanisms achieve optimal latency (0.1–1 s) and throughput (10,000+ TPS) for vehicular networks, outperforming traditional PoW by 89% in energy efficiency; and (3) identification of 5 critical research gaps including quantum vulnerability of ECDSA signatures and dynamic trust management in high-mobility environments. Through evaluation of 120+ implementations, we demonstrate its 92% attack prevention rate against Sybil and DDoS threats, while highlighting scalability limitations in public blockchains (15 TPS for Ethereum vs. 3,000 TPS for Hyperledger Fabric). The paper further proposes 6 future directions, including AI-driven smart contract auditing and lightweight zk-SNARKs for privacy-preserving V2X communication. These findings are supported by empirical data from 18 real-world deployments, including VeChain’s 10,000 TPS implementation in BYD electric vehicles and IOTA’s feeless micropayments in Berlin traffic management systems.