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<p>This paper presents the quantum adaptation of Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) and Message Digest 5 (MD5) using IBM’s Qiskit framework, evaluating their computational performance against classical hashing techniques and post-quantum cryptographic schemes, including eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), Leighton-Micali Signature Scheme (LMSS), and SHAKE-256. Quantum circuits are designed to implement fundamental cryptographic operations such as XOR, AND, OR, addition, and modular arithmetic, enabling a quantum-friendly transformation of these hashing algorithms. Experimental results indicate that quantum implementations exhibit significant computational overhead due to circuit depth, gate constraints, and hardware limitations. These findings contribute to understanding the feasibility of quantum hashing and post-quantum cryptographic frameworks and their role in securing future authentication systems.</p>

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Quantum Adaptation of SHA-1 and MD5: Implementation, Performance Evaluation, and Discussion on Post-Quantum Hashing Techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Prodipto Das,
  • Sumit Biswas,
  • Sandip Kanoo

摘要

This paper presents the quantum adaptation of Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) and Message Digest 5 (MD5) using IBM’s Qiskit framework, evaluating their computational performance against classical hashing techniques and post-quantum cryptographic schemes, including eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), Leighton-Micali Signature Scheme (LMSS), and SHAKE-256. Quantum circuits are designed to implement fundamental cryptographic operations such as XOR, AND, OR, addition, and modular arithmetic, enabling a quantum-friendly transformation of these hashing algorithms. Experimental results indicate that quantum implementations exhibit significant computational overhead due to circuit depth, gate constraints, and hardware limitations. These findings contribute to understanding the feasibility of quantum hashing and post-quantum cryptographic frameworks and their role in securing future authentication systems.