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<p>As far as submerged targets are concerned, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are considered substantial and sustainable, with minimal energy consumption. In such networks, sensor nodes are deployed at different depths along with submerged moving courier nodes at different latitudes and longitudes for making communication and routing possible within sea and airborne vehicles. A large portion of the present underwater frameworks are sonar-based, which targets communication and routing between deployed nodes for far-range applications. Sonar exhibits dependence on the acoustic wave, since it can give long-range data exchange with submerged nodes. In this research, we propose Adaptive-Depth-Based Routing (Adaptive-DBR), which dynamically adjusts the courier node speed by considering the average ocean wave speed (5–6&#xa0;km/h) and the deployment pattern of surrounding sensor nodes (whether concentrated or dispersed). This adaptive approach enhances network lifetime, reduces end-to-end delay, and optimizes the number of alive and dead nodes, ensuring more efficient and reliable underwater communication. The proposed Adaptive-DBR scheme in UWSNs dynamically adjusts the courier node speed based on the surrounding deployment environment, optimizing the use of beacon messages and data forwarding to minimize energy consumption in a scalable and dynamic oceanic setting. The performance of the proposed scheme has been analyzed using MATLAB simulations. The results demonstrate that Adaptive-DBR, when compared to the Adaptive Power-Controlled Depth-Based Routing Protocol (APCD-BRP) and DBR for UWSNs, achieves a higher alive node ratio while reducing the number of dead nodes by 10–12%. Additionally, it enhances packet reception by 15–20%, with only a marginal increase of 0.10&#xa0;s in end-to-end delay during the initial phase of the routing protocol. Our current findings also indicate that the proposed protocol effectively balances energy consumption, minimizes end-to-end delay, and enhances packet delivery rates, proving its adaptability to varying network sizes from 225 to 500 and 1000 nodes and underwater complexities.</p>

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Adaptive-DBR in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks to Increase Throughput and Lifetime

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月25日

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  • Arslan Aziz,
  • Naeem Raza,
  • Muhammad Tahir,
  • Mohsin Raza Jafri,
  • Muhammad Junaid

摘要

As far as submerged targets are concerned, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are considered substantial and sustainable, with minimal energy consumption. In such networks, sensor nodes are deployed at different depths along with submerged moving courier nodes at different latitudes and longitudes for making communication and routing possible within sea and airborne vehicles. A large portion of the present underwater frameworks are sonar-based, which targets communication and routing between deployed nodes for far-range applications. Sonar exhibits dependence on the acoustic wave, since it can give long-range data exchange with submerged nodes. In this research, we propose Adaptive-Depth-Based Routing (Adaptive-DBR), which dynamically adjusts the courier node speed by considering the average ocean wave speed (5–6 km/h) and the deployment pattern of surrounding sensor nodes (whether concentrated or dispersed). This adaptive approach enhances network lifetime, reduces end-to-end delay, and optimizes the number of alive and dead nodes, ensuring more efficient and reliable underwater communication. The proposed Adaptive-DBR scheme in UWSNs dynamically adjusts the courier node speed based on the surrounding deployment environment, optimizing the use of beacon messages and data forwarding to minimize energy consumption in a scalable and dynamic oceanic setting. The performance of the proposed scheme has been analyzed using MATLAB simulations. The results demonstrate that Adaptive-DBR, when compared to the Adaptive Power-Controlled Depth-Based Routing Protocol (APCD-BRP) and DBR for UWSNs, achieves a higher alive node ratio while reducing the number of dead nodes by 10–12%. Additionally, it enhances packet reception by 15–20%, with only a marginal increase of 0.10 s in end-to-end delay during the initial phase of the routing protocol. Our current findings also indicate that the proposed protocol effectively balances energy consumption, minimizes end-to-end delay, and enhances packet delivery rates, proving its adaptability to varying network sizes from 225 to 500 and 1000 nodes and underwater complexities.