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<p>Soil salinity is a major abiotic constraint that reduces crop productivity. Here, we show that treating plants with nanoparticles (NPs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can effectively mitigate its adverse effects on plant performance. To investigate the potential role of ZnO and SiO<sub>2</sub> NPs and AMF in improving salinity tolerance, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a factorial design based on a randomized complete block arrangement with three replications. Treatments included three salinity levels (0, 75, and 150 mM NaCl), four NPs applications (control, ZnO, SiO<sub>2</sub>, and ZnO + SiO<sub>2</sub>), and two mycorrhizal inoculation levels (with and without AMF). The results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments and the chlorophyll index in rye plants. However, the combined application of ZnO + SiO<sub>2</sub> NPs and AMF improved photosynthetic pigments and the chlorophyll index. Under 150 mM salinity, this integrated treatment increased Fₘ, Fᵥ, and Fᵥ/Fₘ by 33%, 71.47, and 28.8%, respectively, and decreased F₀ by approximately 10% compared with saline-stressed plants without AMF or nanoparticles. Salinity stress altered source–sink dynamics, as indicated by current photosynthesis, dry matter translocation, and assimilate contribution parameters, while AMF and NPs improved these indices and enhanced carbon allocation to grains by reducing reliance on stored assimilates and increasing the contribution of current photosynthesis under salinity stress. NPs and AMF treatments significantly increased spike length compared with untreated plants. Moreover, under 150 mM salinity, the combined application of NPs and AMF increased plant height, root dry weight, and grain yield by 28.6%, 27%, and 36%, respectively. Overall, the combined application of NPs and AMF alleviated salinity stress by improving photosynthetic efficiency, assimilate translocation, and grain yield in rye.</p>

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ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles combined with mycorrhiza improve photosystem II activity and source–sink relationships under salt stress in rye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Hamed Narimani,
  • Raouf Seyed Sharifi,
  • Farnaz Ahmadi-Nouraldinvand

摘要

Soil salinity is a major abiotic constraint that reduces crop productivity. Here, we show that treating plants with nanoparticles (NPs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can effectively mitigate its adverse effects on plant performance. To investigate the potential role of ZnO and SiO2 NPs and AMF in improving salinity tolerance, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a factorial design based on a randomized complete block arrangement with three replications. Treatments included three salinity levels (0, 75, and 150 mM NaCl), four NPs applications (control, ZnO, SiO2, and ZnO + SiO2), and two mycorrhizal inoculation levels (with and without AMF). The results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments and the chlorophyll index in rye plants. However, the combined application of ZnO + SiO2 NPs and AMF improved photosynthetic pigments and the chlorophyll index. Under 150 mM salinity, this integrated treatment increased Fₘ, Fᵥ, and Fᵥ/Fₘ by 33%, 71.47, and 28.8%, respectively, and decreased F₀ by approximately 10% compared with saline-stressed plants without AMF or nanoparticles. Salinity stress altered source–sink dynamics, as indicated by current photosynthesis, dry matter translocation, and assimilate contribution parameters, while AMF and NPs improved these indices and enhanced carbon allocation to grains by reducing reliance on stored assimilates and increasing the contribution of current photosynthesis under salinity stress. NPs and AMF treatments significantly increased spike length compared with untreated plants. Moreover, under 150 mM salinity, the combined application of NPs and AMF increased plant height, root dry weight, and grain yield by 28.6%, 27%, and 36%, respectively. Overall, the combined application of NPs and AMF alleviated salinity stress by improving photosynthetic efficiency, assimilate translocation, and grain yield in rye.