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<p>Salt stress represents a significant environmental challenge that restricts plant growth, disrupts water relations, and impacts metabolic stability, especially in cereal crops. Azelaic acid (AzA) is an important component of systemic acquired resistance. It has been reported that AzA helps plants to cope with salinity by maintaining water balance and membrane stability but little is known about pretreatment under abiotic stress. With this aim, AzA (60µM) was applied to barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) Bülbül89 cultivars seedlings for 2 days, followed by application of 300 mM NaCl for 3 days. The physiological (growth parameters, relative water content, chlorophyll content and relative electrolyte leakage) with oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and proline content), histochemical and anatomical, SEM analysis with some organic compounds and endogenous salicylic acid (SA) were determined in treated roots. In sum, pretreatment of AzA promotes stress tolerance by improving physiological and biochemical parameters. In special, the roots were structurally sound as anatomical and SEM analysis supported. Also, AzA enhanced the accumulation of key organic acids (fumaric, succinic, malic, and pyruvic acids) and SA, contributing to improved energy metabolism and redox regulation under salinity. Thus, AzA could increase defense mechanisms and enhance salt stress tolerance in barley roots.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Azelaic acid pretreatment increases resilience against salinity by inducing some metabolites and response mechanisms in barley roots

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Hilal Işık,
  • Hatice Çetinkaya,
  • Saad Farouk,
  • İbrahim Uz,
  • Sefer Demirbaş,
  • Burcu Seçkin Dinler

摘要

Salt stress represents a significant environmental challenge that restricts plant growth, disrupts water relations, and impacts metabolic stability, especially in cereal crops. Azelaic acid (AzA) is an important component of systemic acquired resistance. It has been reported that AzA helps plants to cope with salinity by maintaining water balance and membrane stability but little is known about pretreatment under abiotic stress. With this aim, AzA (60µM) was applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Bülbül89 cultivars seedlings for 2 days, followed by application of 300 mM NaCl for 3 days. The physiological (growth parameters, relative water content, chlorophyll content and relative electrolyte leakage) with oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and proline content), histochemical and anatomical, SEM analysis with some organic compounds and endogenous salicylic acid (SA) were determined in treated roots. In sum, pretreatment of AzA promotes stress tolerance by improving physiological and biochemical parameters. In special, the roots were structurally sound as anatomical and SEM analysis supported. Also, AzA enhanced the accumulation of key organic acids (fumaric, succinic, malic, and pyruvic acids) and SA, contributing to improved energy metabolism and redox regulation under salinity. Thus, AzA could increase defense mechanisms and enhance salt stress tolerance in barley roots.

Graphical abstract