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<p>Barley yield losses caused by foliar diseases are commonly estimated using visual disease severity, although this approach often fails to reflect the actual reduction in photosynthetic capacity. This study evaluated whether disease severity or healthy leaf area (HLA) is a more reliable predictor of grain yield (GY) under semi-arid field conditions. Field experiments were conducted over two contrasting growing seasons using five barley varieties differing in disease resistance. Disease severity and leaf area of the two upper leaves (flag leaf ‘F1’ and penultimate leaf ‘F2’) were assessed at the milk stage, and their relationships with GY were analyzed. Disease severity on either leaf showed no significant association with GY (<i>R²</i> = 0.08). In contrast, GY was strongly related to the HLA of F2 (<i>R²</i> = 0.75, <i>p &lt;</i> 0.001), whereas the F1 had no significant effect. A regression model based on the HLA of F2 explained most of the GY variability and was successfully validated using data from fourteen independent varieties. These results demonstrate that HLA of F2 is a robust and physiologically meaningful indicator of yield formation in barley, outperforming visual disease assessments. The approach provides a practical tool for GY prediction and varietal evaluation in barley-growing environments exposed to foliar stress.</p>

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Healthy area of the penultimate leaf (F2) as a predictor of barley grain yield under foliar disease pressure in semi-arid environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Hanane El Wazziki,
  • Brahim El Yousfi

摘要

Barley yield losses caused by foliar diseases are commonly estimated using visual disease severity, although this approach often fails to reflect the actual reduction in photosynthetic capacity. This study evaluated whether disease severity or healthy leaf area (HLA) is a more reliable predictor of grain yield (GY) under semi-arid field conditions. Field experiments were conducted over two contrasting growing seasons using five barley varieties differing in disease resistance. Disease severity and leaf area of the two upper leaves (flag leaf ‘F1’ and penultimate leaf ‘F2’) were assessed at the milk stage, and their relationships with GY were analyzed. Disease severity on either leaf showed no significant association with GY (R² = 0.08). In contrast, GY was strongly related to the HLA of F2 (R² = 0.75, p < 0.001), whereas the F1 had no significant effect. A regression model based on the HLA of F2 explained most of the GY variability and was successfully validated using data from fourteen independent varieties. These results demonstrate that HLA of F2 is a robust and physiologically meaningful indicator of yield formation in barley, outperforming visual disease assessments. The approach provides a practical tool for GY prediction and varietal evaluation in barley-growing environments exposed to foliar stress.