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<p>Cold stress is a critical abiotic factor limiting the productivity of rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.), particularly in temperate, high-altitude, and climate-variable regions. Temperatures below 20&#xa0;°C impair germination, seedling vigour, vegetative growth, reproductive success, and grain filling, ultimately resulting in yield and quality losses. Sensitivity varies across subspecies, with indica cultivars are generally more susceptible and japonica types relatively tolerant but often less productive. Physiological, genetic, and molecular studies have uncovered more than 550 quantitative trait loci (<i>QTLs</i>) and over 35 cloned genes associated with cold tolerance, many with stage-specific roles. Notable loci such as <i>qLTG3-1, Ctb1, CTB4a, and COLD1</i> regulate key processes, including coleoptile emergence, panicle development, and pollen fertility under chilling stress. Multi-omics approaches such as transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics have revealed complex networks involving the <i>ICE–CBF–COR</i> signalling pathway, reactive oxygen species detoxification, lipid membrane remodelling, and epigenetic regulation. Recent advances in marker-assisted selection, genomic selection and CRISPR/Cas-based editing, offer promising avenues for integrating functional alleles into elite backgrounds. Introgression through wide-compatible varieties, development of chromosomal segment substitution lines, and pyramiding of stage-specific QTLs have shown practical utility in enhancing resilience. However, genotype × environment interactions, sterility barriers in indica × japonica crosses, and transformation inefficiencies in indica cultivars remain significant challenges. Future efforts must combine predictive genomic models, multilocation phenotyping, and omics-informed targets with epigenetic regulators such as <i>ACT1</i> to achieve durable cold tolerance. This synthesis highlights a discovery-to-deployment framework for developing climate-resilient rice cultivars that sustain productivity under increasing cold stress.</p>

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Molecular and genomic strategies for developing climate-resilient cold-tolerant rice

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Ramya Rathod,
  • P. S. Basavaraj,
  • L. Krishna,
  • K. Suman,
  • M. Sreedhar,
  • P. Gonya Naik,
  • G. Eswara Reddy,
  • M. Sai Charan,
  • G. Rakesh,
  • G. Usharani,
  • S. Vanisri

摘要

Cold stress is a critical abiotic factor limiting the productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.), particularly in temperate, high-altitude, and climate-variable regions. Temperatures below 20 °C impair germination, seedling vigour, vegetative growth, reproductive success, and grain filling, ultimately resulting in yield and quality losses. Sensitivity varies across subspecies, with indica cultivars are generally more susceptible and japonica types relatively tolerant but often less productive. Physiological, genetic, and molecular studies have uncovered more than 550 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and over 35 cloned genes associated with cold tolerance, many with stage-specific roles. Notable loci such as qLTG3-1, Ctb1, CTB4a, and COLD1 regulate key processes, including coleoptile emergence, panicle development, and pollen fertility under chilling stress. Multi-omics approaches such as transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics have revealed complex networks involving the ICE–CBF–COR signalling pathway, reactive oxygen species detoxification, lipid membrane remodelling, and epigenetic regulation. Recent advances in marker-assisted selection, genomic selection and CRISPR/Cas-based editing, offer promising avenues for integrating functional alleles into elite backgrounds. Introgression through wide-compatible varieties, development of chromosomal segment substitution lines, and pyramiding of stage-specific QTLs have shown practical utility in enhancing resilience. However, genotype × environment interactions, sterility barriers in indica × japonica crosses, and transformation inefficiencies in indica cultivars remain significant challenges. Future efforts must combine predictive genomic models, multilocation phenotyping, and omics-informed targets with epigenetic regulators such as ACT1 to achieve durable cold tolerance. This synthesis highlights a discovery-to-deployment framework for developing climate-resilient rice cultivars that sustain productivity under increasing cold stress.