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<p>Salinity stress represents a growing constraint to sustainable wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigated the physiological, agronomic, and biochemical responses of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) under varying levels of saline irrigation (control, 100 mM NaCl, and 150 mM NaCl) over two consecutive winter seasons (2023/2024 and 2024/2025) in semi-arid region of Egypt. Key traits evaluated included relative water content (RWC), SPAD chlorophyll index, Na⁺ and K⁺ ion accumulation, plant height, grain yield, harvest index, and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH inhibition) before and after thermal processing. Elevated salinity significantly decreased plant height, biomass, RWC, and grain yield, while increasing Na⁺ accumulation in plant tissues. Conversely, salinity stress enhanced TPC and antioxidant activity, with values remaining stable or slightly increasing after simulated thermal processing, suggesting phenolic compound resilience under heat stress. Multivariate AI-assisted analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and regression modeling, revealed SPAD readings, K⁺ content, and the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio as key predictors of plant performance. Notably, SPAD emerged as a non-destructive, indicator of physiological vigor and showed potential associations with antioxidant responses under salinity stress.This research underscores the dual role of phenolic traits in conferring both abiotic stress tolerance and functional food value. The findings advocate for AI-driven phenotypic selection strategies and support the breeding of wheat varieties optimized for saline conditions and food processing stability. This integrative approach provides practical implications for enhancing crop resilience and nutritional quality in salt-affected, climate-vulnerable agroecosystems.</p>

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Resilient grains for saline climates: physiological, phenolic, and processing traits of wheat by multivariate data analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Lamy Hamed,
  • Bader Alsubaie,
  • Eman I. R. Emara

摘要

Salinity stress represents a growing constraint to sustainable wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigated the physiological, agronomic, and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under varying levels of saline irrigation (control, 100 mM NaCl, and 150 mM NaCl) over two consecutive winter seasons (2023/2024 and 2024/2025) in semi-arid region of Egypt. Key traits evaluated included relative water content (RWC), SPAD chlorophyll index, Na⁺ and K⁺ ion accumulation, plant height, grain yield, harvest index, and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH inhibition) before and after thermal processing. Elevated salinity significantly decreased plant height, biomass, RWC, and grain yield, while increasing Na⁺ accumulation in plant tissues. Conversely, salinity stress enhanced TPC and antioxidant activity, with values remaining stable or slightly increasing after simulated thermal processing, suggesting phenolic compound resilience under heat stress. Multivariate AI-assisted analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and regression modeling, revealed SPAD readings, K⁺ content, and the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio as key predictors of plant performance. Notably, SPAD emerged as a non-destructive, indicator of physiological vigor and showed potential associations with antioxidant responses under salinity stress.This research underscores the dual role of phenolic traits in conferring both abiotic stress tolerance and functional food value. The findings advocate for AI-driven phenotypic selection strategies and support the breeding of wheat varieties optimized for saline conditions and food processing stability. This integrative approach provides practical implications for enhancing crop resilience and nutritional quality in salt-affected, climate-vulnerable agroecosystems.