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<p>As climate change continues, the scale and frequency of low temperatures are increasing worldwide. Some parameters of photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) in two wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) varieties differing in cold tolerance were considered in low temperature (LT) adaptation (4&#xa0;°C, 7 d). It was shown that in cold tolerant (CT) variety Moskovskaya 39 (winter var.) low temperature causes adaptive rearrangement of chloroplast ultrastructure, such as increase in chloroplast size, percentage of small grana, and decrease in stacking index. The growth of CT wheat was continued under LT influence, content of photosynthetic pigments and soluble carbohydrates in leaves was increased. In cold sensitive (CS) variety Zlata (spring var.) ultrastructural reorganization of chloroplasts included a decrease in their size and length of photosynthetic membranes. In addition, leaf growth in CS variety was stopped; the content of photosynthetic pigments was decreased. The relative expression level of PSA-associated genes such as <i>rbсL</i>, <i>rbcS</i>, <i>Lhcb1</i>, was reduced in both cultivars after LT exposure. The relative level of <i>Lhcb2</i> gene transcripts in both wheat cultivars was increased during the first hours of chilling and then was decreased. The relative expression level of <i>psbD</i> gene remained almost unchanged, but the expression was higher in CT variety. The relative expression of the gene <i>wcor15</i> also was significantly higher in the CT variety than in the CS variety. Cold tolerance of control and LT-adapted wheat seedlings was evaluated by direct freezing at − 3 to − 9&#xa0;°C for 24&#xa0;h, and survival was assessed after recovery (24&#xa0;h at 4&#xa0;°C + 72&#xa0;h at 22&#xa0;°C). This study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of LT adaptation of wheat PSA and highlights the importance of structural rearrangement of chloroplasts for LT adaptation.</p>

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Adaptation to low temperatures of wheat varieties with contrasting cold tolerance: chloroplast ultrastructure and expression of photosynthesis-associated genes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • K. V. Zhukova,
  • A. N. Deryabin,
  • Yu. V. Venzhik

摘要

As climate change continues, the scale and frequency of low temperatures are increasing worldwide. Some parameters of photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in cold tolerance were considered in low temperature (LT) adaptation (4 °C, 7 d). It was shown that in cold tolerant (CT) variety Moskovskaya 39 (winter var.) low temperature causes adaptive rearrangement of chloroplast ultrastructure, such as increase in chloroplast size, percentage of small grana, and decrease in stacking index. The growth of CT wheat was continued under LT influence, content of photosynthetic pigments and soluble carbohydrates in leaves was increased. In cold sensitive (CS) variety Zlata (spring var.) ultrastructural reorganization of chloroplasts included a decrease in their size and length of photosynthetic membranes. In addition, leaf growth in CS variety was stopped; the content of photosynthetic pigments was decreased. The relative expression level of PSA-associated genes such as rbсL, rbcS, Lhcb1, was reduced in both cultivars after LT exposure. The relative level of Lhcb2 gene transcripts in both wheat cultivars was increased during the first hours of chilling and then was decreased. The relative expression level of psbD gene remained almost unchanged, but the expression was higher in CT variety. The relative expression of the gene wcor15 also was significantly higher in the CT variety than in the CS variety. Cold tolerance of control and LT-adapted wheat seedlings was evaluated by direct freezing at − 3 to − 9 °C for 24 h, and survival was assessed after recovery (24 h at 4 °C + 72 h at 22 °C). This study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of LT adaptation of wheat PSA and highlights the importance of structural rearrangement of chloroplasts for LT adaptation.