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<p>This study examines the potential of coconut shell-derived biochar as a sustainable filler in Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) bituminous mixtures designed in accordance with IRC:129–2019. OGFCs, characterized by high air voids and low fines, improve surface drainage and skid resistance but face challenges of drain-down and durability. Coconut shells, abundant agricultural waste, were pyrolyzed with little oxygen at 400&#xa0;°C to produce a rich in carbon, porous biochar that exhibits high content of fixed carbon and favorable filler-binder interaction properties. Aggregate blending was optimized using the Simple Tool for Aggregate Blending and validated by dry rodded compaction. Binder stability was confirmed through drain-down testing, and mixtures were evaluated at optimum binder content determined by the Marshall method. Performance tests included indirect tensile strength, rutting resistance, resilient modulus, moisture susceptibility, permeability, surface texture, and skid resistance. Biochar-modified OGFCs retained 81% tensile strength under conditioning, satisfied minimum void requirements, achieved permeability of 4.08 × 10⁻⁴ cm/s, and demonstrated a texture depth of 2.54&#xa0;mm. In semi-circular bending tests, biochar mixtures achieved higher fracture strength (857.5&#xa0;N) compared with stone dust controls (720&#xa0;N). Overall, biochar incorporation improved drainage, strength, and skid resistance, while contributing to waste valorization, carbon sequestration, and potential revenue through carbon credits. These findings highlight coconut shell biochar as a technically viable and environmentally beneficial filler for safety-critical and noise-sensitive pavement applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biochar-Based Open-Graded Friction Course Bituminous Mixtures: A Comprehensive Laboratory Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Penki Ramu,
  • Subrat Kumar Rout,
  • Aditya Kumar Das

摘要

This study examines the potential of coconut shell-derived biochar as a sustainable filler in Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) bituminous mixtures designed in accordance with IRC:129–2019. OGFCs, characterized by high air voids and low fines, improve surface drainage and skid resistance but face challenges of drain-down and durability. Coconut shells, abundant agricultural waste, were pyrolyzed with little oxygen at 400 °C to produce a rich in carbon, porous biochar that exhibits high content of fixed carbon and favorable filler-binder interaction properties. Aggregate blending was optimized using the Simple Tool for Aggregate Blending and validated by dry rodded compaction. Binder stability was confirmed through drain-down testing, and mixtures were evaluated at optimum binder content determined by the Marshall method. Performance tests included indirect tensile strength, rutting resistance, resilient modulus, moisture susceptibility, permeability, surface texture, and skid resistance. Biochar-modified OGFCs retained 81% tensile strength under conditioning, satisfied minimum void requirements, achieved permeability of 4.08 × 10⁻⁴ cm/s, and demonstrated a texture depth of 2.54 mm. In semi-circular bending tests, biochar mixtures achieved higher fracture strength (857.5 N) compared with stone dust controls (720 N). Overall, biochar incorporation improved drainage, strength, and skid resistance, while contributing to waste valorization, carbon sequestration, and potential revenue through carbon credits. These findings highlight coconut shell biochar as a technically viable and environmentally beneficial filler for safety-critical and noise-sensitive pavement applications.

Graphical Abstract