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<p>Residual byproducts and waste substances now serve as the predominant sources of pollution across ecosystems. Periwinkle shell waste is a widely produced, calcium-rich marine byproduct often piled in open dumps, resulting in foul odours and visual pollution. This study seeks to optimise ash content derived from periwinkle shell waste as a modifier of bitumen for hot-mix asphalt production, while assessing the environmental and cost implications. The optimisation was executed using the Design Expert 13 Software and a custom design approach, which involves the importation of an already structured experimental design. The models developed for the asphalt-mx responses showed good data fit, which was confirmed by good <i>R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> values and a difference between the <i>Adjusted R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> value and <i>Predicted R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> value. Also, the normal plot of Residuals and the plot of Residuals versus the Predicted showed evidence of good data fit. The optimum bitumen content for the control mix and modified mix was 6.086% and 5.779%, respectively. The optimum ash content was determined to be 15%. Improvements of 70.23, 95.62 and 24.19% were observed in the stability, indirect tensile strength (ITS), and tensile strength ratio (TSR), responses of the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) system, respectively. The maximum rut-depth, flexibility index and load cycles at failure responses also observed improvements of 43.311, 36.287, and 67.087%, respectively. The environmental and economic assessment revealed lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, removal of periwinkle shell wastes from the environment and higher initial cost, but higher service life and lower maintenance cost when utilising PSA modified bitumen for HMA productions.</p>

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Optimising Periwinkle Shell Ash Content as a Modifier in Hot-Mix Asphalt Wearing Course

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月6日

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  • Victor Udale Okpanachi,
  • Abdulfatai Adinoyi Murana,
  • Adrian Oshioname Eberemu,
  • Adamu Lawan

摘要

Residual byproducts and waste substances now serve as the predominant sources of pollution across ecosystems. Periwinkle shell waste is a widely produced, calcium-rich marine byproduct often piled in open dumps, resulting in foul odours and visual pollution. This study seeks to optimise ash content derived from periwinkle shell waste as a modifier of bitumen for hot-mix asphalt production, while assessing the environmental and cost implications. The optimisation was executed using the Design Expert 13 Software and a custom design approach, which involves the importation of an already structured experimental design. The models developed for the asphalt-mx responses showed good data fit, which was confirmed by good R2 values and a difference between the Adjusted R2 value and Predicted R2 value. Also, the normal plot of Residuals and the plot of Residuals versus the Predicted showed evidence of good data fit. The optimum bitumen content for the control mix and modified mix was 6.086% and 5.779%, respectively. The optimum ash content was determined to be 15%. Improvements of 70.23, 95.62 and 24.19% were observed in the stability, indirect tensile strength (ITS), and tensile strength ratio (TSR), responses of the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) system, respectively. The maximum rut-depth, flexibility index and load cycles at failure responses also observed improvements of 43.311, 36.287, and 67.087%, respectively. The environmental and economic assessment revealed lower CO2 emissions, removal of periwinkle shell wastes from the environment and higher initial cost, but higher service life and lower maintenance cost when utilising PSA modified bitumen for HMA productions.