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<p>The increasing agricultural waste poses significant challenges in terms of management and disposal, particularly in regions with abundant agricultural activities. This study presents a contribution that remains underexplored in prior studies by incorporating palm kernel shell ash (PSAF) as a partial replacement for conventional granite stone filler (GSF) in hot mix asphalt, highlighting the limited research on its rheological behavior under varied thermal and aging conditions. The study assesses the stress-strain performance in hot mix asphalt incorporating palm kernel shell ash (PSAF), with an optimum replacement of 50% of granite stone filler (GSF) by weight. PSAF, obtained from palm kernel shell through open burning, was incorporated into bituminous mixtures at replacement percentages between 0 and 100% of the mineral filler by weight. The effects on the bitumen binder were evaluated with a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) under short-term and long-term aging at high and intermediate temperatures (35&#xa0;°C, 46&#xa0;°C, 58&#xa0;°C, and 65&#xa0;°C), as well as low temperatures (−18&#xa0;°C, −12&#xa0;°C, and − 6&#xa0;°C) using Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). Indirect tensile stiffness modulus test (ITSM), Hamburg wheel tracking test (HWTT), and fatigue life test (4&#xa0;PB) were employed to investigate the stress-strain performance of asphalt mixtures. Results indicated that incorporating 50% PSAF significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of both mastic and asphalt mixtures by increasing stiffness, improving rutting resistance at high temperatures, and extending fatigue life. Therefore, PSAF is considered an effective alternative for conventional filler in bituminous mixtures when used at 50% optimal content. This suggests that large quantities of palm kernel shell waste can be utilized in asphalt mixtures to help reduce environmental pollution associated with open dumping and uncontrolled accumulation at palm oil processing sites.</p>

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Understanding the Stress-Strain Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Palm Kernel Shell Ash

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga,
  • Enobong Okon Inyang,
  • Chijioke Christopher Ikeagwuani

摘要

The increasing agricultural waste poses significant challenges in terms of management and disposal, particularly in regions with abundant agricultural activities. This study presents a contribution that remains underexplored in prior studies by incorporating palm kernel shell ash (PSAF) as a partial replacement for conventional granite stone filler (GSF) in hot mix asphalt, highlighting the limited research on its rheological behavior under varied thermal and aging conditions. The study assesses the stress-strain performance in hot mix asphalt incorporating palm kernel shell ash (PSAF), with an optimum replacement of 50% of granite stone filler (GSF) by weight. PSAF, obtained from palm kernel shell through open burning, was incorporated into bituminous mixtures at replacement percentages between 0 and 100% of the mineral filler by weight. The effects on the bitumen binder were evaluated with a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) under short-term and long-term aging at high and intermediate temperatures (35 °C, 46 °C, 58 °C, and 65 °C), as well as low temperatures (−18 °C, −12 °C, and − 6 °C) using Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). Indirect tensile stiffness modulus test (ITSM), Hamburg wheel tracking test (HWTT), and fatigue life test (4 PB) were employed to investigate the stress-strain performance of asphalt mixtures. Results indicated that incorporating 50% PSAF significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of both mastic and asphalt mixtures by increasing stiffness, improving rutting resistance at high temperatures, and extending fatigue life. Therefore, PSAF is considered an effective alternative for conventional filler in bituminous mixtures when used at 50% optimal content. This suggests that large quantities of palm kernel shell waste can be utilized in asphalt mixtures to help reduce environmental pollution associated with open dumping and uncontrolled accumulation at palm oil processing sites.