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<p>Defective tungsten oxides (WO<sub>3−<i>x</i></sub>) with oxygen vacancies (OVs) are recognized for exceptional photocatalytic properties attributed to their unique electronic structures, abundant OVs, and local surface plasmon resonance effect. There has been a growing research interest in developing OV-rich WO<sub>3−<i>x</i></sub> as efficient photocatalysts for applications in environmental remediation and energy conversion. This review covers various available approaches for synthesizing WO<sub>3−<i>x</i></sub>, including hydrothermal, solvothermal, microwave, and template methods. It also focuses on recent progresses on several modification strategies, such as ion doping, metal deposition, morphology control, heterojunction construction, and single-atom engineering, for maximizing the photocatalytic efficiency of WO<sub>3−<i>x</i></sub>. The correlation between photocatalytic activity, chemical compositions, morphological characteristics, and textural properties of catalysts is highlighted. The application of these WO<sub>3−<i>x</i></sub> photocatalysts with improved performances in the fields of wastewater treatment, H<sub>2</sub> evolution, CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, N<sub>2</sub> fixation, photoelectrochemical catalysis, and stability is discussed. Finally, prospects and challenges in the synthesis and application of WO<sub>3−<i>x</i></sub>-based photocatalysts are outlined.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Recent advances in synthesis, performance, and application of oxygen vacancy-enriched WO3−x photocatalysts

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月11日

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  • Lin He,
  • Chang-Bin Yu,
  • Kang-Qiang Lu,
  • Kai Yang,
  • Wei-Ya Huang,
  • Dan Li

摘要

Defective tungsten oxides (WO3−x) with oxygen vacancies (OVs) are recognized for exceptional photocatalytic properties attributed to their unique electronic structures, abundant OVs, and local surface plasmon resonance effect. There has been a growing research interest in developing OV-rich WO3−x as efficient photocatalysts for applications in environmental remediation and energy conversion. This review covers various available approaches for synthesizing WO3−x, including hydrothermal, solvothermal, microwave, and template methods. It also focuses on recent progresses on several modification strategies, such as ion doping, metal deposition, morphology control, heterojunction construction, and single-atom engineering, for maximizing the photocatalytic efficiency of WO3−x. The correlation between photocatalytic activity, chemical compositions, morphological characteristics, and textural properties of catalysts is highlighted. The application of these WO3−x photocatalysts with improved performances in the fields of wastewater treatment, H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, photoelectrochemical catalysis, and stability is discussed. Finally, prospects and challenges in the synthesis and application of WO3−x-based photocatalysts are outlined.

Graphic abstract