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<p>One of the most robust predictors of mental health issues over the life course are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, research is just beginning to investigate the role of the developmental timing of ACEs in mental health and identify modifiable protective factors. This study assessed the association between ACEs and four indicators of mental health, the developmental timing of ACEs, and the role of coping strategies in these associations among college students. Regression models tested associations between ACEs (maltreatment and household dysfunction) and depression diagnosis, psychological distress, suicide risk, and loneliness; explored the developmental timing of ACEs; and assessed whether coping styles (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, avoidant) moderated the ACE-mental health relationship. Maltreatment and household dysfunction were associated with higher odds of depression (AOR<sub>mal</sub> 1.47, 95% CI 1.07–2.05; AOR<sub>hhd</sub> 1.59, 95% CI 1.10–2.31), suicide risk (AOR<sub>mal</sub> 1.76, 95% CI 1.50–4.15; AOR<sub>hhd</sub> 1.82, 95% CI 1.24–2.69), psychological distress (AOR<sub>mal</sub> 1.49, 95% CI 1.06–2.11), and loneliness (AOR<sub>hhd</sub> 1.34, 95% CI 1.09–1.80) with all participants experiencing both reporting elevated levels of mental health symptomology. Regarding the developmental timing of ACEs, in comparison to later onset, early childhood maltreatment exacerbated risk for depression (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) but no other indicators. Task-oriented coping offset the negative effects of ACEs for depression, psychological distress, and suicide risk (<i>ps</i> &lt; 0.05), whereas emotion-oriented coping amplified ACE-related risk for loneliness and suicide (<i>ps</i> &lt; 0.01). Our findings highlight the importance of prioritizing upstream prevention strategies that promote adaptive coping to mitigate life course risk.</p>

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Adverse Childhood Experiences and College Student Mental Health: The Role of Coping Strategies and Developmental Timing of Adversity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月26日

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  • Myriam Forster,
  • Eric Shanazari,
  • Abnous Shaverdi,
  • Xiao Zhang,
  • Timothy Matthews,
  • Timothy J. Grigsby

摘要

One of the most robust predictors of mental health issues over the life course are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, research is just beginning to investigate the role of the developmental timing of ACEs in mental health and identify modifiable protective factors. This study assessed the association between ACEs and four indicators of mental health, the developmental timing of ACEs, and the role of coping strategies in these associations among college students. Regression models tested associations between ACEs (maltreatment and household dysfunction) and depression diagnosis, psychological distress, suicide risk, and loneliness; explored the developmental timing of ACEs; and assessed whether coping styles (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, avoidant) moderated the ACE-mental health relationship. Maltreatment and household dysfunction were associated with higher odds of depression (AORmal 1.47, 95% CI 1.07–2.05; AORhhd 1.59, 95% CI 1.10–2.31), suicide risk (AORmal 1.76, 95% CI 1.50–4.15; AORhhd 1.82, 95% CI 1.24–2.69), psychological distress (AORmal 1.49, 95% CI 1.06–2.11), and loneliness (AORhhd 1.34, 95% CI 1.09–1.80) with all participants experiencing both reporting elevated levels of mental health symptomology. Regarding the developmental timing of ACEs, in comparison to later onset, early childhood maltreatment exacerbated risk for depression (p < 0.01) but no other indicators. Task-oriented coping offset the negative effects of ACEs for depression, psychological distress, and suicide risk (ps < 0.05), whereas emotion-oriented coping amplified ACE-related risk for loneliness and suicide (ps < 0.01). Our findings highlight the importance of prioritizing upstream prevention strategies that promote adaptive coping to mitigate life course risk.