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<p>As power systems transition to inverter-based resources (IBRs), optimal placement of Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters becomes critical for maintaining stability. This paper presents a comparative analysis of three placement metrics—Center of Inertia (COI) distance, residue-based damping potential, and Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR)—evaluated on a modified IEEE 9-bus system with 47% grid-following (GFL) penetration. Using the WECC-standard REGFM_A1 model in PSS®E, we demonstrate that each metric optimizes a different stability dimension: COI-based placement at Bus 3, which exhibited the highest normalized COI distance (1.0), reduced maximum frequency deviation by 9.82%; residue-based placement at Bus 1, with the highest normalized residue (1.0), achieved optimal damping of 6.70% for the dominant 1.09 Hz oscillatory mode; while SCR-based placement at Bus 12 enhanced grid strength with consistent improvements of 0.68% to 1.13%. These results reveal critical trade-offs, as no single bus optimizes all metrics simultaneously. We propose an integrated placement framework that prioritizes metrics based on system-specific vulnerabilities, providing practical guidance for GFM deployment in GFL-dominated grids.</p>

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A Comparative Performance Analysis of Placement Metrics for Grid-Forming Inverters in GFL-Dominated Power Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Ibrahim Altarjami

摘要

As power systems transition to inverter-based resources (IBRs), optimal placement of Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters becomes critical for maintaining stability. This paper presents a comparative analysis of three placement metrics—Center of Inertia (COI) distance, residue-based damping potential, and Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR)—evaluated on a modified IEEE 9-bus system with 47% grid-following (GFL) penetration. Using the WECC-standard REGFM_A1 model in PSS®E, we demonstrate that each metric optimizes a different stability dimension: COI-based placement at Bus 3, which exhibited the highest normalized COI distance (1.0), reduced maximum frequency deviation by 9.82%; residue-based placement at Bus 1, with the highest normalized residue (1.0), achieved optimal damping of 6.70% for the dominant 1.09 Hz oscillatory mode; while SCR-based placement at Bus 12 enhanced grid strength with consistent improvements of 0.68% to 1.13%. These results reveal critical trade-offs, as no single bus optimizes all metrics simultaneously. We propose an integrated placement framework that prioritizes metrics based on system-specific vulnerabilities, providing practical guidance for GFM deployment in GFL-dominated grids.