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<p>Modular multilevel converter (MMC) has been extensively adopted in HVDC systems owing to its superior modularity, efficiency, and scalability. However, the inherent coupling between the AC and DC sides limits the decoupled control capability of conventional MMCs, particularly under transient and faulted operating conditions. Meanwhile, the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources has intensified the demand for fast power support and energy storage (ES) within MMC-based systems. This paper proposes a hybrid MMC topology with partially integrated energy storage (H-MMC-ES), in which each arm contains equal numbers of full-bridge submodules (FBSMs) and half-bridge type energy storage submodules (ESSMs). By exploiting the reverse-voltage blocking capability of FBSMs and the fast bidirectional power regulation of embedded ES units, H-MMC-ES inherently supports DC fault isolation and DC fault ride-through operation, enabling rapid suppression of DC fault currents while maintaining stable AC-side operation. Consequently, H-MMC-ES attains performance comparable to that of full-bridge type MMC-ES, while avoiding the redundant infrastructure required by centralized ES solutions or the extensive auxiliary circuitry associated with fully integrated ESSM designs. Dedicated control strategies are clarified in this paper, including circulating current control, capacitor voltage balancing, and state-of-charge (SOC) averaging control, ensuring stable operation under various operating conditions, including ES charging, discharging, and DC fault ride-through scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed topology and control methods is verified through detailed simulation studies and HIL-based experimental results.</p>

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Operation Principle and Control for Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter with Partially Integrated Energy Storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Biyang Liu,
  • Cheng Jin,
  • Kangli Liu,
  • Jianfeng Zhao

摘要

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) has been extensively adopted in HVDC systems owing to its superior modularity, efficiency, and scalability. However, the inherent coupling between the AC and DC sides limits the decoupled control capability of conventional MMCs, particularly under transient and faulted operating conditions. Meanwhile, the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources has intensified the demand for fast power support and energy storage (ES) within MMC-based systems. This paper proposes a hybrid MMC topology with partially integrated energy storage (H-MMC-ES), in which each arm contains equal numbers of full-bridge submodules (FBSMs) and half-bridge type energy storage submodules (ESSMs). By exploiting the reverse-voltage blocking capability of FBSMs and the fast bidirectional power regulation of embedded ES units, H-MMC-ES inherently supports DC fault isolation and DC fault ride-through operation, enabling rapid suppression of DC fault currents while maintaining stable AC-side operation. Consequently, H-MMC-ES attains performance comparable to that of full-bridge type MMC-ES, while avoiding the redundant infrastructure required by centralized ES solutions or the extensive auxiliary circuitry associated with fully integrated ESSM designs. Dedicated control strategies are clarified in this paper, including circulating current control, capacitor voltage balancing, and state-of-charge (SOC) averaging control, ensuring stable operation under various operating conditions, including ES charging, discharging, and DC fault ride-through scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed topology and control methods is verified through detailed simulation studies and HIL-based experimental results.