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<p>The coexistence of growing electric vehicle (EV) populations and legacy parking infrastructure in apartment complexes creates a critical resource constraint, characterized by a severely limited number of available chargers. In this infrastructure-scarce setting, most existing systems rely on uncontrolled charging. Under the conventional fixed occupancy assumption—where an EV remains connected until its charging goal is met—this approach leads directly to persistent charger overstay and drastically low utilization of the scarce resource. To fundamentally overcome the limitations imposed by this high EV-to-charger ratio, we propose a reservation-based EV charging scheduling framework that incorporates user-specified move-and-park availability. This availability is defined by time windows during which users voluntarily move their vehicle between charging and non-charging slots. Integrating such user behavioral flexibility enables charger rotation, transforming the limited charger into high-throughput shared resources. The scheduling problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model aimed at minimizing aggregate user dissatisfaction (reflecting incomplete charging or denied access). Using real-world charging data collected from apartment complexes in Korea, we compared the proposed user-aware scheduling framework against uncontrolled and fixed-occupancy baselines. Simulations demonstrate that our approach achieves a 67.7% reduction in total user dissatisfaction (from 4.65 to 1.5) compared with the uncontrolled FCFS baseline. The inclusion of proactive user movement is shown to be vital for maintaining high throughput and equitable access. These findings highlight that, under high-demand conditions, at least half of EVs must have access to dedicated chargers to ensure acceptable user satisfaction. Overall, the proposed system establishes a scalable pathway for managing shared EV charging resources in infrastructure-limited urban environments.</p>

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Electric Vehicles Charging System in Apartment Complexes Under the Limited Number of Chargers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Kabseok Ko,
  • Eunjung Lee,
  • Yunsu Jeong,
  • Keon Baek

摘要

The coexistence of growing electric vehicle (EV) populations and legacy parking infrastructure in apartment complexes creates a critical resource constraint, characterized by a severely limited number of available chargers. In this infrastructure-scarce setting, most existing systems rely on uncontrolled charging. Under the conventional fixed occupancy assumption—where an EV remains connected until its charging goal is met—this approach leads directly to persistent charger overstay and drastically low utilization of the scarce resource. To fundamentally overcome the limitations imposed by this high EV-to-charger ratio, we propose a reservation-based EV charging scheduling framework that incorporates user-specified move-and-park availability. This availability is defined by time windows during which users voluntarily move their vehicle between charging and non-charging slots. Integrating such user behavioral flexibility enables charger rotation, transforming the limited charger into high-throughput shared resources. The scheduling problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model aimed at minimizing aggregate user dissatisfaction (reflecting incomplete charging or denied access). Using real-world charging data collected from apartment complexes in Korea, we compared the proposed user-aware scheduling framework against uncontrolled and fixed-occupancy baselines. Simulations demonstrate that our approach achieves a 67.7% reduction in total user dissatisfaction (from 4.65 to 1.5) compared with the uncontrolled FCFS baseline. The inclusion of proactive user movement is shown to be vital for maintaining high throughput and equitable access. These findings highlight that, under high-demand conditions, at least half of EVs must have access to dedicated chargers to ensure acceptable user satisfaction. Overall, the proposed system establishes a scalable pathway for managing shared EV charging resources in infrastructure-limited urban environments.