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<p>The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs), including photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems, into distribution networks introduces power electronic characteristics—such as current limitation and phase controllability—that pose significant challenges to traditional distance protection, particularly in the second zone. IIDG integration alters the distribution of short-circuit currents and causes fluctuations in the equivalent impedance, resulting in zone deviation, reduced sensitivity, and even protection maloperation or failure. To address these challenges, this paper develops a distribution network model incorporating distributed generation and proposes an adaptive distance protection scheme based on real-time fault impedance and branch coefficient correction, considering the unique characteristics introduced by IIDG integration. Comparative analysis with recent AI-based and hybrid adaptive impedance correction schemes from the literature shows that the proposed method achieves superior performance in trip speed, accuracy, and robustness, while requiring no communication links or extensive offline training. Comparative simulations under typical fault scenarios demonstrate that the proposed adaptive strategy significantly improves operating speed and eliminates pre-fault false trips under high photovoltaic penetration. Sensitivity and robustness analyses confirm stable performance even under ± 5–10% parameter variations and a 20 ms measurement delay. The strategy requires only local measurements, making it suitable for deployment in existing distribution networks with minimal hardware upgrades. This work advances the field of distribution network protection by providing a fast, accurate, and cost-effective solution for IIDG-rich systems, particularly under dynamic load and complex operating conditions.</p>

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An Adaptive Distance Protection Strategy for Distribution Networks with Inverter-based Distributed Generation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月17日

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  • Hongwei Yan,
  • Huiqiong Deng,
  • Jiayu Zheng

摘要

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs), including photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems, into distribution networks introduces power electronic characteristics—such as current limitation and phase controllability—that pose significant challenges to traditional distance protection, particularly in the second zone. IIDG integration alters the distribution of short-circuit currents and causes fluctuations in the equivalent impedance, resulting in zone deviation, reduced sensitivity, and even protection maloperation or failure. To address these challenges, this paper develops a distribution network model incorporating distributed generation and proposes an adaptive distance protection scheme based on real-time fault impedance and branch coefficient correction, considering the unique characteristics introduced by IIDG integration. Comparative analysis with recent AI-based and hybrid adaptive impedance correction schemes from the literature shows that the proposed method achieves superior performance in trip speed, accuracy, and robustness, while requiring no communication links or extensive offline training. Comparative simulations under typical fault scenarios demonstrate that the proposed adaptive strategy significantly improves operating speed and eliminates pre-fault false trips under high photovoltaic penetration. Sensitivity and robustness analyses confirm stable performance even under ± 5–10% parameter variations and a 20 ms measurement delay. The strategy requires only local measurements, making it suitable for deployment in existing distribution networks with minimal hardware upgrades. This work advances the field of distribution network protection by providing a fast, accurate, and cost-effective solution for IIDG-rich systems, particularly under dynamic load and complex operating conditions.