Integrated Energy System Optimization for Electric Vehicles and Demand Response within Carbon Trading Mechanism

The Integrated Energy System (IES) plays a crucial role in achieving the "dual carbon" goals. In order to exploit its demand-side adjustable potential, an IES optimization model based on electric vehicles (EVs) and demand response (DR) is proposed, specifically under the carbon trading mechanism. An analysis of price-based DR mechanism is given to acquire the load profile following the implementation of DR. Besides, fitting the behavior of EVs and con-structing a charging and discharging model for EVss. According to the actual carbon emissions from the units, a carbon trading mechanism tailored for the IES is established by employing the baseline method. With the aim of trans-forming the optimization problem into a single objective problem, three objectives were considered: the lowest total system cost, the peak valley difference of the load curve, and load fluctuation. Under specified conditions, the CPLEX solver was used for the resolution of the problem. This article verifies the effectiveness through four typical scenarios. The results show that, while maintaining a relatively stable system cost, the carbon emissions are reduced by 1.60 t, and the fluctuation of the load curve is reduced by 21.5%. Therefore, the system has achieved low-carbon and stable operation while maintaining economic efficiency.