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<p>The present study reports the green synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp), a bone-mimicking calcium phosphate biomineral, using plant extracts as natural mediating agents. Given its excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties, HAp is widely employed in bone tissue engineering and dental applications, necessitating the development of sustainable and environmentally benign synthesis routes. In this work, roots of <i>Chrysopogon zizanioides</i> and leaf extracts of <i>Delonix regia</i> were employed in a simple wet chemical precipitation method, where plant-derived flavonoids acted as effective stabilizing agents. The synthesized samples—pure HAp, <i>Chrysopogon zizanioides</i>-mediated HAp (CHAp), and <i>Delonix regia</i>-mediated HAp (DHAp)—were systematically characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDAX techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure hexagonal HAp, with average crystallite sizes estimated using the Scherrer equation as 25&#xa0;nm (CHAp), 39&#xa0;nm (DHAp), and 42&#xa0;nm (pure HAp), indicating enhanced nanoscale crystallinity for the plant-mediated samples. SEM analysis revealed homogeneous particle distribution, with predominantly spherical morphology for HAp and DHAp, while CHAp exhibited a mixed spherical and rod-like morphology with reduced particle size. EDAX analysis revealed Ca/P ratios of 1.60 for CHAp and 1.52 for DHAp, confirming calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite within the biologically acceptable range. Antibacterial activity evaluated against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> using the agar well diffusion method demonstrated enhanced efficacy for plant-mediated samples, with maximum zones of inhibition of 18&#xa0;mm (CHAp) and 20&#xa0;mm (DHAp) against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and 17&#xa0;mm (CHAp) and 19&#xa0;mm (DHAp) against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, compared to pure HAp. Overall, the results demonstrate that plant-mediated green synthesis provides an effective strategy for producing nano-HAp with controlled crystallite size and improved antibacterial performance, highlighting its potential for biomedical applications.</p>

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Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite using Chrysopogon zizanioides and Delonix regia for Antibacterial Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • S. Nivetha,
  • R. Sripriya

摘要

The present study reports the green synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp), a bone-mimicking calcium phosphate biomineral, using plant extracts as natural mediating agents. Given its excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties, HAp is widely employed in bone tissue engineering and dental applications, necessitating the development of sustainable and environmentally benign synthesis routes. In this work, roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides and leaf extracts of Delonix regia were employed in a simple wet chemical precipitation method, where plant-derived flavonoids acted as effective stabilizing agents. The synthesized samples—pure HAp, Chrysopogon zizanioides-mediated HAp (CHAp), and Delonix regia-mediated HAp (DHAp)—were systematically characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDAX techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure hexagonal HAp, with average crystallite sizes estimated using the Scherrer equation as 25 nm (CHAp), 39 nm (DHAp), and 42 nm (pure HAp), indicating enhanced nanoscale crystallinity for the plant-mediated samples. SEM analysis revealed homogeneous particle distribution, with predominantly spherical morphology for HAp and DHAp, while CHAp exhibited a mixed spherical and rod-like morphology with reduced particle size. EDAX analysis revealed Ca/P ratios of 1.60 for CHAp and 1.52 for DHAp, confirming calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite within the biologically acceptable range. Antibacterial activity evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the agar well diffusion method demonstrated enhanced efficacy for plant-mediated samples, with maximum zones of inhibition of 18 mm (CHAp) and 20 mm (DHAp) against Staphylococcus aureus, and 17 mm (CHAp) and 19 mm (DHAp) against Escherichia coli, compared to pure HAp. Overall, the results demonstrate that plant-mediated green synthesis provides an effective strategy for producing nano-HAp with controlled crystallite size and improved antibacterial performance, highlighting its potential for biomedical applications.