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<p>This study presents a sustainable biorefinery strategy for producing high-performance activated carbon from coconut husk by integrating flow-through fractionation with superheated steam (SHS) activation. Organosolv pretreatment with 50 vol% ethanol selectively removed lignin (68.2%) and hemicellulose, enabling hierarchical pore development. The resulting ethanol-fractionated, SHS-activated carbon (SCHF(EtOH)) exhibited a highly porous structure with a BET surface area of 698.9 m<sup>2</sup>/g and a total pore volume of 0.443 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, outperforming commercial activated carbon and water-pretreated samples. Batch adsorption tests showed that SCHF(EtOH) achieved superior uptake capacities for organic dyes (104.8&#xa0;mg/g for methylene blue, 83.6&#xa0;mg/g for rhodamine B, and 45.0&#xa0;mg/g for new coccine) and heavy metal ions (7.4&#xa0;mg/g for Ni(II) and 16.1&#xa0;mg/g for Cu(II)). This performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of a well-developed mesoporous network that enhances molecular diffusion and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that provide active binding sites. Beyond producing advanced activated carbon, the integrated process also recovers high-quality lignin and hemicellulose, reducing the direct volatilization into greenhouse gas byproducts during activation by up to 62.7%. Overall, this work demonstrates a viable pathway for converting agricultural residues into value-added materials for advanced water purification.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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The mesopore development of the activated carbon from coconut husk via flow-through fractionation and superheated steam activation for dye and metal adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Minh Duc Vu,
  • Imam Hidayat Nurwahid,
  • Minh Tuan Pham,
  • Duc Loi Vu,
  • Sarah Keiza Ismail,
  • Viet Anh Hoang,
  • Chang Soo Kim

摘要

This study presents a sustainable biorefinery strategy for producing high-performance activated carbon from coconut husk by integrating flow-through fractionation with superheated steam (SHS) activation. Organosolv pretreatment with 50 vol% ethanol selectively removed lignin (68.2%) and hemicellulose, enabling hierarchical pore development. The resulting ethanol-fractionated, SHS-activated carbon (SCHF(EtOH)) exhibited a highly porous structure with a BET surface area of 698.9 m2/g and a total pore volume of 0.443 cm3/g, outperforming commercial activated carbon and water-pretreated samples. Batch adsorption tests showed that SCHF(EtOH) achieved superior uptake capacities for organic dyes (104.8 mg/g for methylene blue, 83.6 mg/g for rhodamine B, and 45.0 mg/g for new coccine) and heavy metal ions (7.4 mg/g for Ni(II) and 16.1 mg/g for Cu(II)). This performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of a well-developed mesoporous network that enhances molecular diffusion and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that provide active binding sites. Beyond producing advanced activated carbon, the integrated process also recovers high-quality lignin and hemicellulose, reducing the direct volatilization into greenhouse gas byproducts during activation by up to 62.7%. Overall, this work demonstrates a viable pathway for converting agricultural residues into value-added materials for advanced water purification.

Graphical abstract