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<p>In this study, a CF₄ + O₂ dual-plasma post-treatment was employed to significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of kenaf-derived hard-carbon anodes for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs). This plasma-based post-engineering process simultaneously introduced fluorine and oxygen functionalities while reconstructing the carbon surface, thereby increasing the defect density, edge-site exposure, and microporosity. Comprehensive structural and chemical analyses confirmed that the dual-plasma treatment effectively tailored both the surface chemistry and pore architecture of hard carbon. As a result, the modified samples exhibited higher reversible capacities, improved rate capabilities, and superior cycling stability compared to the pristine counterparts. The enhanced potassium storage behavior is attributed to the synergistic effects of fluorine/oxygen co-doping, defect-rich surface reconstruction, and the formation of a stable KF-rich hybrid SEI layer during cycling. Importantly, this work demonstrates that dual-plasma modification can serve as a versatile and scalable post-treatment strategy for upgrading existing carbon anodes, offering a practical pathway toward high-performance and durable KIBs. The insights gained here can be further extended to the rational surface design of carbon anodes for other emerging rechargeable battery systems.</p>

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Plasma-engineered kenaf-derived hard carbon with fluorine–oxygen synergy for kib anodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Seongmin Ha,
  • Taemin Kim,
  • SooHui Kim,
  • Seoyeong Cheon,
  • Young-Seak Lee,
  • Ji Sun Im

摘要

In this study, a CF₄ + O₂ dual-plasma post-treatment was employed to significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of kenaf-derived hard-carbon anodes for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs). This plasma-based post-engineering process simultaneously introduced fluorine and oxygen functionalities while reconstructing the carbon surface, thereby increasing the defect density, edge-site exposure, and microporosity. Comprehensive structural and chemical analyses confirmed that the dual-plasma treatment effectively tailored both the surface chemistry and pore architecture of hard carbon. As a result, the modified samples exhibited higher reversible capacities, improved rate capabilities, and superior cycling stability compared to the pristine counterparts. The enhanced potassium storage behavior is attributed to the synergistic effects of fluorine/oxygen co-doping, defect-rich surface reconstruction, and the formation of a stable KF-rich hybrid SEI layer during cycling. Importantly, this work demonstrates that dual-plasma modification can serve as a versatile and scalable post-treatment strategy for upgrading existing carbon anodes, offering a practical pathway toward high-performance and durable KIBs. The insights gained here can be further extended to the rational surface design of carbon anodes for other emerging rechargeable battery systems.