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<p>Fluorinated carbons (CF<sub>X</sub>) are promising cathode materials for lithium primary batteries due to their high energy density, yet suffer from poor electronic conductivity. Manganese dioxide (MnO<sub>2</sub>), on the other hand, offers superior rate capability, but limited capacity. Here, we design MnO<sub>2</sub>/CF<sub>x</sub> hybrid cathodes by combining MnO<sub>2</sub> with CF<sub>X</sub> materials synthesized at controlled fluorination levels (<i>x</i> = 0.4–1.0) to synergistically optimize both energy and power performance. Structural and spectroscopic analyses reveal that moderate fluorination (<i>x</i> = 0.6) induces a favorable balance of semi-ionic C–F and interfacial O–F bonds, enhancing electron delocalization and charge transfer at the MnO<sub>2</sub>/CF<sub>X</sub> interface. In contrast, excessive fluorination (<i>x</i> ≥ 0.8) leads to the formation of electrochemically inert C–F<sub>2</sub> and C–F<sub>3</sub> species, suppressing redox kinetics. As a result, MnO<sub>2</sub>/CF<sub>X</sub>-0.6 delivers a discharge capacity of 390 mAh g–1<sup>−1</sup> at 0.05&#xa0;C and retains 182 mAh g–1<sup>−1</sup> at 4&#xa0;C, outperforming both pristine MnO<sub>2</sub> and other CF<sub>X</sub> variants. This work establishes interfacial fluorine bonding configuration, not just bulk F/C ratio, as a critical design parameter for high-performance hybrid cathodes.</p>

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Impact of CFX fluorination level on the electrochemical performance of MnO2/CFX hybrid cathodes in lithium primary batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月22日

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  • Seongmin Ha,
  • Seoyeong Cheon,
  • Seongjae Myeong,
  • Sangyeop Lee,
  • Jin-Yong Shin,
  • Young-Seak Lee

摘要

Fluorinated carbons (CFX) are promising cathode materials for lithium primary batteries due to their high energy density, yet suffer from poor electronic conductivity. Manganese dioxide (MnO2), on the other hand, offers superior rate capability, but limited capacity. Here, we design MnO2/CFx hybrid cathodes by combining MnO2 with CFX materials synthesized at controlled fluorination levels (x = 0.4–1.0) to synergistically optimize both energy and power performance. Structural and spectroscopic analyses reveal that moderate fluorination (x = 0.6) induces a favorable balance of semi-ionic C–F and interfacial O–F bonds, enhancing electron delocalization and charge transfer at the MnO2/CFX interface. In contrast, excessive fluorination (x ≥ 0.8) leads to the formation of electrochemically inert C–F2 and C–F3 species, suppressing redox kinetics. As a result, MnO2/CFX-0.6 delivers a discharge capacity of 390 mAh g–1−1 at 0.05 C and retains 182 mAh g–1−1 at 4 C, outperforming both pristine MnO2 and other CFX variants. This work establishes interfacial fluorine bonding configuration, not just bulk F/C ratio, as a critical design parameter for high-performance hybrid cathodes.